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Ebook has 1370 lines and 84161 words, and 28 pages
Wonderful Discovery.--The Adventurers.--Marshy Lake.--The Canoe.--Troublesome Navigation.--Chain of Lakes.--Party of Natives.--Reception of the Travellers.--Singular People.--Early Emigrants.--The Settlement.--Exploring Party.--Encounter with Natives.--Native Allies.--Attack of Savages.--Defeat of the Assailants.--Savage Life.--Treaty of Peace.--Education of Savages.--Election of Senators. Page 1
Increase of the Settlement.--Separation of the States.--Ecclesiastical Communities.--Concord among Sects.--Houses and Towns.--Penal Colonies.--Southlanders' Hospitality.--Mode of receiving Company.--Feasts.--Animal Food.--Tame Animals.--Surprise at English Customs.--Carnivorous Propensity.--Lighting the Streets.--City of Bath. 25
Duels.--Judicial Combats.--Existing Code of Honour.--Appeal to Arms.--Discussion on Duelling.--Mount Peril.--Noxious Vapours.--The Cavern. 41
Superstitious Notions.--Abolition of Duelling.--Interference of Providence.--Challenge to the Ordeal.--The Trial.--Conviction of the Offender.--Uncertainty of the Ordeal.--Ineffectual Prohibition.--Check against Slander.--Exclusion from Society.--Absurd Alternative.--Personal Courage.--Imputation of Cowardice.--Public Opinion.--War between Nations.--Challenges.--Fear of Disgrace. 53
Female Honour.--Agreement among Women.--Penalty of Exclusion.--Law of Honour.--False Dignity.--New Penalty.--Compact against Duelling.--Ruffians and Calumniators.--Association against Duelling.--Court of Honour.--Abolition of Duelling. 70
Rough Notes.--Public Entertainments.--Dancing.--Grotesque Dance.--Throwing the Spear.--Female Dress.--Decorations.--Ear-rings.--Wedding-rings.--Anomalous Costume. 83
Forms of Government.--Senatorial Regulations.--Speakers.--Peculiar Debate.--Fundamental Laws.--Unwise Legislators.--Timely Improvements.--Legislative Problem.--Legislative Expedient.--Error in Government.--Division of Laws.--Repeal of Fundamental Laws.--Guard against Precipitancy.--Laws of Treason.--Mature Deliberation.--National Will. 95
Mode of Election of Senators--of Representatives.--Personal Votes and Property-Votes.--Voting by Ballot.--Eligibility of Candidates.--Aboriginal Blood.--Mixed Blood.--Government Rent.--Public Expenditure.--Unwise Economy.--Choice of Statesmen.--Explanations. 112
Prediction Office.--Prophecies.--Useful Register.--Political Bustlers.--Disposal of Land.--Rents.--Laws of Tenancy.--Government Loans. 130
An Arrest.--Criminal Jurisprudence.--Jurymen.--Qualification of Jurors.--Syndics.--Royal Privilege.--Proceedings in Court.--Witnesses.--The Verdict.--Unanimity in Juries.--Decision of the Judge.--Prevarication.--Oaths.--False Witnesses.--Inconsistency in requiring Oaths.--Public Opinion.--Marriage.--Succession to the Crown. 140
Punishment awarded to Criminals.--Capital Punishments.--Plea of Insanity.--Penitentiaries.--Houses of Correction.--Improvement in Laws.--Periodical Publications.--Editors of Newspapers.--State of Literature. 164
Schools.--Reform of the Calendar.--Art of Teaching.--General Education.--Religion and Politics.--Inconsistency of the Jesuits.--Unbelievers.--Direction of Electors.--Political Churches.--Violation of the Laws.--Infidelity.--Obedience to Law.--Enforced Religion.--Persecution.--Hypothetical Case.--Treatment of Insanity.--Professed Inspiration.--Impostors and Lunatics.--Changes in Europe.--Founders of the Colony. 176
Preachers.--Divine Service.--Divisions of the Bible.--Funeral Service.--Burial in Cities.--Absurd Interments.--Monuments.--Private Mausoleums.--Harmless Absurdities.--Church Endowments.--State of the Clergy.--Religious Communities.--Admission Fees to Institutions.--Ecclesiastical Societies. 213
Letter of Paul Wilkins. 229
ACCOUNT OF AN EXPEDITION
TO THE
INTERIOR OF NEW HOLLAND.
Wonderful Discovery.--The Adventurers.--Marshy Lake.--The Canoe.--Troublesome Navigation.--Chain of Lakes.--Party of Natives.--Reception of the Travellers.--Singular People.--Early Emigrants.--The Settlement.--Exploring Party.--Encounter with Natives.--Native Allies.--Attack of Savages.--Defeat of the Assailants.--Savage Life.--Treaty of Peace.--Education of Savages.--Election of Senators.
Our readers will, no doubt, be interested by the few particulars we have been able to collect of the late wonderful discovery, in the interior of New Holland, of a civilized nation of European origin, which had, in so remarkable a manner, been kept separate hitherto from the rest of the civilized world.
Mr. Hopkins Sibthorpe, who planned and conducted this singularly fortunate enterprise, was accompanied, it appears, in the expedition by another settler, Mr. William Jones, and Messrs. Thomas and Robert Smith , of the navy; who, together with Wilkins, a sailor, hired as their servant, constituted the whole party.
It was in the early part of August 1835 that these adventurous explorers took their departure from the settlement at Bathurst: this, as our readers are aware, is the last month of the winter of that hemisphere; though, from the greater mildness of the climate, it may be considered as spring. This season was chosen as the most suitable for an expedition in such a country as New Holland; in which, not only the heat of summer and autumn is often very oppressive, but also the scarcity of water is one of the most formidable impediments: and, on this occasion, a plentiful supply of water being essential, not only with a view to their personal wants, but also to the accomplishment of the peculiar plan they had resolved on trying, it was thought best to take an early advantage of the effects of the winter's rains.
Their plan was no other than to construct a canoe, to enable them to proceed in a direction in which farther progress had hitherto been precluded by a vast expanse of marshy lake. This, as our readers are probably aware, from the published narratives of former expeditions, is, in moist seasons, a sort of Mere, or shallow water, encumbered with aquatic plants; but in times of great drought is, for a considerable extent, dry, or consisting of mud rather than water; constituting a sort of swampy plain, so choked up with a rank vegetation of reeds and flags as to present an almost insuperable obstacle to the traveller.
In the present expedition, accordingly, it was determined to choose a time when there might be a sufficiency of water to enable the adventurous explorers to proceed in a canoe; and they accordingly carried with them one or two horses --the iron-work, and as much as was thought necessary of the frame of a canoe, which they proposed to put together and complete on their arrival on the margin of the lake. And as it was impossible to carry with them a sufficient store of provisions for the whole of their contemplated voyage, they boldly resolved to trust in great measure to their guns and fishing tackle, providing only a sufficiency of salt to preserve such game and fish as they might procure in their way.
The details of the expedition, curious and highly interesting as they are in themselves, we are compelled to omit, lest they should occupy the space wanted for a far more valuable and important portion of the narrative. It will be sufficient, therefore, to say, omitting particulars, that they were enabled to put their design in execution; and having constructed a kind of light flat-bottomed boat, of poles covered with bark , and fitted up with a slight awning, to afford shelter from the sun and the dews, they embarked on the above-mentioned shallow lake, and proceeded in a north-west direction; sometimes rowing, assisted occasionally by a sail, and oftener pushing themselves on with poles through the tangled aquatic plants which grew on the muddy bottom.
Their progress was at first tediously slow; but they were at no loss for provision, as the waters abounded with fish and wildfowl, of which they continued to obtain a sufficient supply throughout the voyage. After two days of troublesome navigation they found the water become deeper, and gained a sight of some elevated land towards the west, which they reached on the evening of the third day: they here found the lake not terminated, but confined within narrow limits by hills, for the most part of a rocky, sterile, and uninviting character: at length it became a broad river, flowing in a northerly direction, and serving evidently as a drain to the great expanse of lake they had passed. This gave them hopes of reaching some large navigable river, which they might follow to the sea: they proceeded, therefore, though with considerable delay and difficulty from shoals and rapids, till, after more than two days' navigation, the high ground receded, and they found themselves entering on another great expanse of water, so extensive that, in pursuing their adventurous course nearly in the same direction, they were, for the greater part of one day, out of sight of land.
They now arrived at another course of rocky hills, of considerable elevation, through which the waters found an exit by a narrow gorge: through this they proceeded in a direction northwards for a considerable distance, when they found the river again expanding itself at intervals into a chain of lakes, smaller but deeper than those they had passed, and surrounded by a much more agreeable country, which continued to improve as they advanced. They landed in several places, and in one instance came in contact with a party of natives, who were of a less savage aspect than those in the vicinity of our settlements, and showed no signs of hostility, and much less of alarm and astonishment than had been expected. From this circumstance, and also from steel knives being in the possession of two or three of them, on which they appeared to set great value, it was conjectured that they must, in their wanderings, have, at some time or other, approached our settlements: their language, however, was perfectly unintelligible to Mr. Jones, though he had a considerable acquaintance with that of the natives near Sydney.
Some days after, as they continued their progress, they fell in with another party of natives, who excited still more wonder and speculation in our travellers, from their having among them ornaments evidently fashioned from the tusks of boars; these they described themselves as having hunted with their dogs, and speared. But all doubt was removed the next day, by the travellers actually obtaining a sight of a wild hog in the woods, and afterwards of a herd of wild cattle, which they distinctly saw with their glasses: these animals being well known not to be indigenous in New Holland, afforded strong indications of the vicinity of some European settlement; though, as they felt certain of being far distant from the coast, they were utterly lost in conjecture.
After proceeding in the manner above described, through a long chain of lakes connected by the river which they were continuing to navigate, through a country continually improving in beauty and fertility, and presenting a strong contrast to the dreary rocks and marshes they had left behind, they were at length surprised and gratified, on entering a lake somewhat more extensive than the last, to see several fishing-boats, the men in which they ascertained by their glasses to be decently clothed, and white men. They ventured to approach and to hail them; and, to their unspeakable surprise and delight, they received an answer in English: the English was, indeed, not precisely similar to their own, but not differing so much from it as many of our provincial dialects; and in a short time the two parties were tolerably intelligible to each other.
We are compelled to pass over the interesting detail of the meeting, which was equally gratifying and surprising to both the parties; of the eager curiosity of their mutual inquiries; and of the hospitable invitation given, and, as may be supposed, joyfully accepted by the travellers. Accompanying their hosts in one of the fishing-boats, they found before them, on turning the point of a wooded promontory which had intercepted their view, a rich and partially cultivated country, interspersed with cheerful-looking villages, having much of an English air of comfort; though the whole was in a far ruder condition than much of what they saw afterwards, as the point they had reached was the extreme skirt of a comparatively recent settlement.
The reception they met with was most friendly and every way refreshing, after an anxious and toilsome journey of above a month. They found themselves, on the second day after their arrival in the colony, the guests of the chief magistrate of a neat town of considerable size, where they were surrounded by visitors from all parts, eager to obtain and to afford information, and overwhelming them with pressing invitations.
We are compelled to pass over the particulars of the several steps by which the travellers arrived at the knowledge of the singular country and people in the midst of which they found themselves. We have only space for a brief summary of the results.
They found themselves, then, in a nation of European, and chiefly, though not entirely, of English extraction, which had had no intercourse with Europe, or with any other portion of the civilized world, for nearly three centuries. Their numbers were estimated at between three and four millions; and they were divided into eleven distinct communities, existing in a sort of loosely federal union, or rather in a friendly relation, sanctioned and maintained by custom more than by any formal compact. And they found these several states, though in some respects differing in their governments and other institutions, agreeing in the manifestation of a high degree of civilization, considering the disadvantage they laboured under in their seclusion from the rest of the world. "Many points too," says Mr. Sibthorpe, in his journal, "in which they differ the most widely from the customs and institutions of the people from which they sprang, are such as can hardly be reckoned marks of barbarism, even by those who regard them with surprise, and even with disapprobation; but are rather the result of the singular and, as some would consider them, whimsical notions of the extraordinary persons who took the lead among the first settlers."
These were two men of the name of M?ller; one a German, settled in England, and the other his nephew, the son of an Englishwoman. The former appears to have been one of those unions of enthusiastic wildness, brilliant genius, and sanguine credulity which periods of great excitement--such as the commencement of the Reformation--are often found to call forth. He possessed great eloquence, and a power of exercising an unbounded influence over minds of a certain description. His nephew, with much of the uncle's eccentricity, united a much clearer judgment, and seems gradually to have established a complete ascendancy over the mind, first of his uncle, and ultimately of all his followers; and to have used his influence in a manner which indicates most enlarged public spirit, and a great mixture, at least, of political wisdom.
It appears, that during the various tumults which took place during the early periods of the Reformation, several persons in England, and some in Germany, meditated a removal to some distant region, in which they should escape finally from strife and oppression, and establish a civil and religious community on such principles as they were fondly cherishing. After the proposal and rejection of various schemes, and after many delays and disappointments, the projected departure in search of a new settlement took place, under the guidance of their enthusiastic and adventurous leader. Instead of proceeding to America, as had been originally proposed, they were induced by some glowing descriptions they had heard, but which proved to consist chiefly of fable or exaggeration, to seek for the long-famed southern continent, the "Terra Australis Incognita."
The curious and interesting particulars of their voyage, their various adventures, disappointments, and reiterated attempts, we are compelled to pass over. The result was their being ultimately driven by a storm on the coast of New Holland, somewhere, it is supposed, between lat. 10 and 20 south, and lon. 130 and 140 east, where one out of the four ships was wrecked on a coral reef, and two of the others driven ashore with considerable damage. They saved, however, not only their lives, but nearly all their property, including the live stock with which they had provided themselves; and it appears that their first idea was to repair their vessels, and proceed along the coast, in an endeavour to find a suitable spot for a settlement; the part on which they were cast being not only barren and uninviting but excessively marshy. This last circumstance compelled them to forego their design; for a fever broke out, and affected so many of them that they lost no time in removing to a healthier situation, eight or nine miles from the coast. Here the sick speedily recovered; and, as the spot seemed highly salubrious, though for the most part barren, with only a small proportion of land fit for cultivation near the banks of small rivers, they proceeded to build log-houses and cultivate the land; designing to make their settlement either temporary or permanent, as circumstances might determine.
Their decision was ultimately fixed by means of the intercourse they succeeded in establishing with a native tribe. Mutual good-will and confidence having been completely established between the settlers and the natives ,--and an increasing knowledge of each other's language having established a free communication between the parties,--the settlers were interested by the glowing colours in which their new friends described a region in the interior, which they--that is, some of the very individuals who spoke of it, and the ancestors of the rest,--had formerly inhabited, and from which successive portions of their tribe had been from time to time expelled by more powerful hostile tribes. They were anxious to induce their European neighbours to settle there themselves, and enable them to reinstate themselves in their ancient abode. They easily perceived the vast superiority which European arts and arms would give to their new allies over enemies who had proved too powerful for themselves, and they hoped through their aid to re-establish themselves in a country which they had quitted with regret.
Moved by their representations, the settlers despatched two active young men, in company with some native guides, to explore this highly-vaunted region; they proceeded accordingly, nearly in a direct line from the coast, to a range of mountains, about ninety or a hundred miles in the interior, which they surmounted, not without difficulty, and then found themselves in an elevated plain of a most sterile character, extending for more than a hundred miles in the same direction: this they traversed with some difficulty, and arrived at another chain of rocky mountains, forming a still more formidable barrier, which they would have had great difficulty in surmounting but for the local knowledge of their guides.
On passing this, however, they were rewarded by the view of a most extensive and delightfully fertile region, watered with numerous streams from these mountains, and interspersed with beautiful lakes. The whole appearance of the country fully justified the descriptions given; and the accounts of these first explorers were so favourable that a second expedition was undertaken, with a view to a more complete examination of the country, by young M?ller himself and four others, who passed a considerable time in exploring the district, not without some narrow escapes from the hostility of some of the wandering native tribes; and the result of their examination was so favourable, that the settlers were induced to come to the resolution of finally removing the colony to the interior.
This, after due preparation, they accomplished, moving in two separate divisions; the first consisting of the greater part of the most active of the adult males, both of the Europeans and their native allies, who were to prepare habitations, and break up land for tillage, &c. ready to receive the rest after an interval of some months. The entire removal was completed in the course of the third year from their first arrival on the coast. Their numbers appear to have been between three and four hundred, in all, of white people, besides a somewhat smaller number of natives; the country in which they had first settled admitting of only a small and scattered population, of tribes subsisting by the chase.
Very soon after taking possession of their new abode they were attacked, in spite of all their endeavours to preserve peace, by the native tribes of the interior, moved by their inveterate animosity against their ancient enemies: the settlers, however, gained an easy and complete victory in every encounter; their fire-arms, though only the old-fashioned, clumsy matchlocks of those days, being sufficient to strike terror into savages unacquainted with gunpowder; though, independent of their guns, their bows would have given them a decided superiority. It is well known how skilful and how formidable were the English archers of those days; and they could annoy the natives, among whom the bow is unknown, at three times the distance to which these could throw their spears. The native allies also, having been taught by the Europeans to use the bow, which, even in their less skilful hands, had an advantage over the spear,--and being also furnished with cutlasses, hatchets, and steel heads to their pikes,--now proved greatly an overmatch for their former conquerors, who had only wooden swords and bone-headed spears.
A peace ensued, which, however, was for several years interrupted from time to time by predatory incursions and irregular renewals of hostilities. This state of things, with all its inconveniences, appears to have had the advantage of cementing the friendship between the settlers and their native allies; each party feeling the other's importance for security against a common enemy. The whites, accordingly, seem to have been assiduous and successful in civilizing these natives, with whom they were thus thrown into close contact.
Ultimately, the colony was delivered from all danger from the hostile tribes by an event which threatened disaster. A formidable combination was secretly formed among all the tribes for a considerable distance round, for the purpose of making a united attack, by surprise, with all their forces. It was so far successful that a band, far outnumbering all that the settlers could muster, unexpectedly attacking one of their villages, obliged the inhabitants to fly in the utmost haste, and spread the alarm through the whole colony. This success, however, proved their ruin; for, with the genuine improvidence of savages, instead of rapidly pushing forward their forces, they eagerly fell to plundering the various stores, especially of provisions, which had been abandoned; and, as an army of savages is never well provided with a commissariat, gladly betook themselves to feasting on what they found.
Among other things, was a large supply of beer; for the settlers had brought with them, and successfully practised, the art of brewing, with which they had been familiar at home. Wine they had not as yet attained to, though they had begun the cultivation of the vine, as well as of several other European fruit-trees. The savages indulged in the liquor with characteristic excess; and, while they were lost in intoxication, set fire, either accidentally or intentionally, to the wooden houses and stacks with which they were surrounded. The fire raged fiercely in all directions; and most of the men were too much stupified with liquor to escape the flames, and were either stifled or burnt; a considerable number, however, were rescued by the settlers, who had by this time come together, and who at once saved and took prisoners most of the survivors, who were too helplessly drunk for either resistance or flight.
This event, which at once and for ever broke the power of their enemies, has been ever since annually commemorated in the colony; a day of solemn thanksgiving being concluded by the lighting of large bonfires in the evening, by parties who pass round among themselves a spear, such as the natives use, and a cup of beer, of which each tastes, in memory of their deliverance. This festival which the M?llers instituted, accompanying the celebration with apposite reflections on drunkenness and its effects, has probably tended, along with other circumstances, to keep up an almost universal habit of sobriety throughout the colony.
The hostile tribes, after the above event, surrendered at discretion; and they consented to remove beyond a certain specified boundary, far beyond the then limits of the colony; but several tribes, which now consisted almost entirely of women and children, and were consequently hardly capable of providing for themselves, were, at their own entreaty, received as subjects, and incorporated, along with the previously-allied natives, into the body of the settlers.
The European and aboriginal races became in time completely blended together; for it appears to have been one of the principles most earnestly maintained and inculcated by their extraordinary leader, to allow of no hereditary degradation; no subjection of one race of men to another on the ground of colour or caste, but to make all subjects of the state necessarily admissible to the rights of citizenship. Yet, on the other hand, he was well aware of the actual inferiority of the aborigines as individuals and as a race, and was fully alive to the evil of placing inferior men on a level with those morally and intellectually superior. The maxim, accordingly, which he continually dwelt on, and laboured to embody in practice, was, that it is not the colour of the skin, but the heart and head, that makes a man sa?o ousava fumar ao caf?. Devia recolher virginalmente ? noitinha: e antes de me deitar tinha de rezar com a velha um longo ter?o no oratorio. Eu proprio me condemn?ra a esta detestavel devo??o!
--Tu l? nos estudos costumas fazer o teu ter?o? pergunt?ra-me, com seccura, a titi.
E eu, sorrindo abjectamente:
--Ora essa! ? que nem posso adormecer sem ter rezado o meu rico ter?o!...
Era um homem corpulento e solemne, j? calvo, com um car?o livido, onde destacavam as sobrancelhas cerradas, densas e negras como carv?o. Raras vezes penetrava na sala da titi sem atirar, logo da porta, uma noticia pavorosa. <
E, sempre que aterrava a titi e os sacerdotes, sorvia gravemente uma pitada.
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