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FRANKS, A. W., Catalogue of a Collection of Oriental Porcelain and Pottery. London, 1879.
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CATALOGUES AND ARTICLES IN PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS
BAHR, A. W., "Old Chinese Porcelain and Works of Art in China." London, 1911.
BRINKLEY, F., Catalogue of the Exhibitions at the Boston Museum of Arts, 1884.
BUSHELL, S. W., "Chinese Porcelain before the Present Dynasty," Journal of the Peking Oriental Society, 1886.
Catalogue of a Collection of Early Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, Burlington Fine Arts Club, 1910.
CLENNELL, W. J., "Journey in the Interior of Kiangsi," Consular Report. H. M. Stationery Office.
COLE, FAY-COOPER, "Chinese Pottery in the Philippines, with postscript by Berthold Laufer," Field Museum of Natural History, Publication 162. Chicago, 1912.
GROENEVELDT, W. P., Notes on the Malay Archipelago, Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Deel. xxxix.
HIPPISLEY, A. E., Catalogue of the Hippisley Collection of Chinese Porcelains, Smithsonian Institute. Second Edition. Washington, 1900.
HOBSON, R. L., Catalogue of a Collection of Early Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, Burlington Fine Arts Club. 1910.
HOBSON, R. L., Catalogue of Chinese, Corean and Japanese Potteries. New York Japan Society, 1914.
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LAFFAN, W., Catalogue of the Pierpont Morgan Collection in the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
MORGAN, J. P., Catalogue of the Morgan Collection of Chinese Porcelains, by S.W. Bushell and W.M. Laffan. New York, 1907.
PARIS, Exposition universelle de 1878, Catalogue sp?cial de la Collection Chinoise.
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WILLIAMS, MRS. R. S., Introductory Note to the Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Chinese, Corean, and Japanese Potteries held by the Japan Society of New York, 1914.
CHINESE POTTERY AND PORCELAIN
THE PRIMITIVE PERIODS
POTTERY, as one of the first necessities of mankind, is among the earliest of human inventions. In a rude form it is found with the implements of the late Stone Age, before there is any evidence of the use of metals, and all attempts to reconstruct the first stages of its discovery are based on conjecture alone.
We have no knowledge of a Stone Age in China, but it may be safely assumed that pottery there, as elsewhere, goes back far into prehistoric times. Its invention is ascribed to the mythical Sh?n-nung, the Triptolemus of China, who is supposed to have initiated the people in the cultivation of the soil and other necessary arts of life. Huang Ti, the semi-legendary yellow emperor, in whose reign the cyclical system of chronology began , is said to have appointed "a superintendent of pottery, K?un-wu, who made pottery," and it was a commonplace in the oldest Chinese literature that the great and good emperor Y? Ti Shun "highly esteemed pottery." Indeed, the Han historian Ss?-ma Ch?ien assures us that Shun himself, before ascending the throne, "fashioned pottery at Ho-pin," and, needless to say, the vessels made at Ho-pin were "without flaw."
Unfortunately, none of the writers can throw any light on the first use of the potter's wheel in China. It is true that, like several other nations, the Chinese claim for themselves the invention of that essential implement, but there is no real evidence to illuminate the question, and even if the wheel was independently discovered in China, the priority of invention undoubtedly rests with the Near Eastern nations. Palpable evidence of its use can be seen on Minoan pottery found in Crete and dating about 3000 B.C., and on Egyptian pottery of the twelfth dynasty ; while it is practically certain that it was used in the making of the Egyptian pottery of the fourth dynasty .
The art of the Chou dynasty, as expressed in bronze and jade, is fairly well known from illustrated Chinese and Western works. It reflects a priestly culture in its hieratic forms and symbolical ornament. It is majestic and stern, severely disdainful of sentiment and sensuous appeal. Of the pottery we know little, but that little shows us a purely utilitarian ware of simple form, unglazed and almost devoid of ornament.
On Plate 1 are two types which may perhaps be regarded as favourable examples of Chou pottery. A tripod vessel, almost exactly similar to Fig. 1, was published by Berthold Laufer, who shows by analogy with bronzes of the period good reasons for its Chou attribution, which he states is confirmed by Chinese antiquarians. His example was of hard "gray clay, which on the surface has assumed a black colour," and it had the surface ornamented with a hatched pattern similar to that of our illustration. It has been assumed that this hatched pattern is a sure sign of Chou origin, and I have no doubt that it was a common decoration at the time. But its use continued after the Chou period, and it is found on pottery from a Han tomb in Szechuan, which is now in the British Museum. It is, in fact, practically the same as the "mat marking" on the Japanese and Corean pottery taken from the dolmens which were built over a long period extending from the second century B.C. to the eighth century A.D.
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