Read Ebook: Chaldea: From the Earliest Times to the Rise of Assyria by Ragozin Z Na De A Z Na De Alexe Evna

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INTRODUCTION.

? 1. Complete destruction of Nineveh.--?? 2-4. Xenophon and the "Retreat of the Ten Thousand." The Greeks pass the ruins of Calah and Nineveh, and know them not.--? 5. Alexander's passage through Mesopotamia.--? 6. The Arab invasion and rule.--? 7. Turkish rule and mismanagement.--? 8. Peculiar natural conditions of Mesopotamia.--? 9. Actual desolate state of the country.--? 10. The plains studded with Mounds. Their curious aspect.--? 11. Fragments of works of art amidst the rubbish.--? 12. Indifference and superstition of the Turks and Arabs.--? 13. Exclusive absorption of European scholars in Classical Antiquity.--? 14. Forbidding aspect of the Mounds, compared with other ruins.--? 15. Rich, the first explorer.--? 16. Botta's work and want of success.--? 17. Botta's great discovery.--? 18. Great sensation created by it.--? 19. Layard's first expedition.

LAYARD AND HIS WORK 19-35

? 1. Layard's arrival at Nimrud. His excitement and dreams.--? 2. Beginning of difficulties. The Ogre-like Pasha of Mossul.--? 3. Opposition from the Pasha. His malice and cunning.--? 4. Discovery of the gigantic head. Fright of the Arabs, who declare it to be Nimrod.--? 5. Strange ideas of the Arabs about the sculptures.--? 6. Layard's life in the desert.--? 7. Terrible heat of summer.--? 8. Sand-storms and hot hurricanes.--? 9. Layard's wretched dwelling.--? 10. Unsuccessful attempts at improvement.--? 11. In what the task of the explorer consists.--? 12. Different modes of carrying on the work of excavation.

THE RUINS 36-93

? 1. Every country's culture and art determined by its geographical conditions.--? 2. Chaldea's absolute deficiency in wood and stone.--? 3. Great abundance of mud fit for the fabrication of bricks; hence the peculiar architecture of Mesopotamia. Ancient ruins still used as quarries of bricks for building. Trade of ancient bricks at Hillah.--? 4. Various cements used.--? 5. Construction of artificial platforms.--? 6. Ruins of Ziggurats; peculiar shape, and uses of this sort of buildings.--? 7. Figures showing the immense amount of labor used on these constructions.--? 8. Chaldean architecture adopted unchanged by the Assyrians.--? 9. Stone used for ornament and casing of walls. Water transport in old and modern times.--? 10. Imposing aspect of the palaces.--? 11. Restoration of Sennacherib's palace by Fergusson.--? 12. Pavements of palace halls.--? 13. Gateways and sculptured slabs along the walls. Friezes in painted tiles.--? 14. Proportions of palace halls and roofing.--? 15. Lighting of halls.--? 16. Causes of the kings' passion for building.--? 17. Drainage of palaces and platforms.--? 18. Modes of destruction.--? 19. The Mounds a protection to the ruins they contain. Refilling the excavations.--? 20. Absence of ancient tombs in Assyria.--? 21. Abundance and vastness of cemeteries in Chaldea.--? 22. Warka the great Necropolis. Loftus' description.--? 23. "Jar-coffins."--? 24. "Dish-cover" coffins.--? 25. Sepulchral vaults.--? 26. "Slipper-shaped" coffins.--? 27. Drainage of sepulchral mounds.--? 28. Decoration of walls in painted clay-cones.--? 29. De Sarzec's discoveries at Tell-Loh.

THE BOOK OF THE PAST.--THE LIBRARY OF NINEVEH 94-115

? 1. Object of making books.--? 2. Books not always of paper.--? 3. Universal craving for an immortal name.--? 4. Insufficiency of records on various writing materials. Universal longing for knowledge of the remotest past.--? 5. Monumental records.--? 6. Ruins of palaces and temples, tombs and caves--the Book of the Past.--?? 7-8. Discovery by Layard of the Royal Library at Nineveh.--? 9. George Smith's work at the British Museum.--? 10. His expeditions to Nineveh, his success and death.--? 11. Value of the Library.--?? 12-13. Contents of the Library.--? 14. The Tablets.--? 15. The cylinders and foundation-tablets.

CHALDEA.

NOMADS AND SETTLERS.--THE FOUR STAGES OF CULTURE. 116-126

? 1. Nomads.--? 2. First migrations.--? 3. Pastoral life--the second stage.--? 4. Agricultural life; beginnings of the State.--? 5. City-building; royalty.--? 6. Successive migrations and their causes.--? 7. Formation of nations.

TURANIAN CHALDEA--SHUMIR AND ACCAD.--THE BEGINNINGS OF RELIGION 146-181

Professor L. Dyer's poetical version of the Incantation against the Seven Maskim.

CUSHITES AND SEMITES--EARLY CHALDEAN HISTORY 184-228

BABYLONIAN RELIGION 229-257

? 1. Babylonian calendar.--? 2. Astronomy conducive to religious feeling.--? 3. Sabeism.--? 4. Priestcraft and astrology.--? 5. Transformation of the old religion.--? 6. Vague dawning of the monotheistic idea. Divine emanations.--? 7. The Supreme Triad.--? 8. The Second Triad.--? 9. The five Planetary deities.--?? 10-11. Duality of nature. Masculine and feminine principles. The goddesses.--? 12. The twelve Great Gods and their Temples.--? 13. The temple of Shamash at Sippar and Mr. Rassam's discovery.--? 14. Survival of the old Turanian superstitions.--? 15. Divination, a branch of Chaldean "Science."--?? 16-17. Collection of one hundred tablets on divination. Specimens.--? 18. The three classes of "wise men." "Chaldeans," in later times, a by-word for "magician," and "astrologer."--? 19. Our inheritance from the Chaldeans: the sun-dial, the week, the calendar, the Sabbath.

LEGENDS AND STORIES 258-293

? 1. The Cosmogonies of different nations.--? 2. The antiquity of the Sacred Books of Babylonia.--? 3. The legend of Oannes, told by Berosus. Discovery, by Geo. Smith, of the Creation Tablets and the Deluge Tablet.--?? 4-5. Chaldean account of the Creation.--? 6. The Cylinder with the human couple, tree and serpent.--? 7. Berosus' account of the creation.--? 8. The Sacred Tree. Sacredness of the Symbol.--? 9. Signification of the Tree-Symbol. The Cosmic Tree.--? 10. Connection of the Tree-Symbol and of Ziggurats with the legend of Paradise.--? 11. The Ziggurat of Borsippa.--? 12. It is identified with the Tower of Babel.--?? 13-14. Peculiar Orientation of the Ziggurats.--? 15. Traces of legends about a sacred grove or garden.--? 16. Mummu-Tiamat, the enemy of the gods. Battle of Bel and Tiamat.--? 17. The Rebellion of the seven evil spirits, originally messengers of the gods.--? 18. The great Tower and the Confusion of Tongues.

MYTHS.--HEROES AND THE MYTHICAL EPOS 294-330

? 1. Definition of the word Myth.--? 2. The Heroes.--? 3. The Heroic Ages and Heroic Myths. The National Epos.--? 4. The oldest known Epic.--? 5. Berosus' account of the Flood.--? 6. Geo. Smith's discovery of the original Chaldean narrative.--? 7. The Epic divided into books or Tablets.--? 8. Izdubar the Hero of the Epic.--? 9. Erech's humiliation under the Elamite Conquest. Izdubar's dream.--? 10. ?ab?ni the Seer. Izdubar's invitation and promises to him.--? 11. Message sent to ?ab?ni by Ishtar's handmaidens. His arrival at Erech.--? 12. Izdubar and ?ab?ni's victory over the tyrant Khumbaba.--? 13. Ishtar's love message. Her rejection and wrath. The two friends' victory over the Bull sent by her.--? 14. Ishtar's vengeance. Izdubar's journey to the Mouth of the Rivers.--? 15. Izdubar sails the Waters of Death and is healed by his immortal ancestor H?sisadra.--? 16. Izdubar's return to Erech and lament over ?ab?ni. The seer is translated among the gods.--? 17. The Deluge narrative in the Eleventh Tablet of the Izdubar Epic.--?? 18-21. Mythic and solar character of the Epic analyzed.--? 22. Sun-Myth of the Beautiful Youth, his early death and resurrection.--?? 23-24. Dumuzi-Tammuz, the husband of Ishtar. The festival of Dumuzi in June.--? 25. Ishtar's Descent to the Land of the Dead.--? 26. Universality of the Solar and Chthonic Myths.

RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY.--IDOLATRY AND ANTHROPOMORPHISM.--THE CHALDEAN LEGENDS AND THE BOOK OF GENESIS.--RETROSPECT 331-336

? 1. Definition of Mythology and Religion, as distinct from each other.--?? 2-3. Instances of pure religious feeling in the poetry of Shumir and Accad.--? 4. Religion often stifled by Mythology.--?? 5-6. The conception of the immortality of the soul suggested by the sun's career.--? 7. This expressed in the Solar and Chthonic Myths.--? 8. Idolatry.--? 9. The Hebrews, originally polytheists and idolators, reclaimed by their leaders to Monotheism.--? 10. Their intercourse with the tribes of Canaan conducive to relapses.--? 11. Intermarriage severely forbidden for this reason.--? 12. Striking similarity between the Book of Genesis and the ancient Chaldean legends.--? 13. Parallel between the two accounts of the creation.--? 14. Anthropomorphism, different from polytheism and idolatry, but conducive to both.--?? 15-17. Parallel continued.--?? 18-19. Retrospect.

PRINCIPAL WORKS READ OR CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS VOLUME.

BAER, Wilhelm. DER VORGESCHICHTLICHE MENSCH. 1 vol., Leipzig: 1874.

BAUDISSIN, W. von. STUDIEN ZUR SEMITISCHEN RELIGIONSGESCHICHTE. 2 vols.

BUDGE, E. A. Wallis. BABYLONIAN LIFE AND HISTORY. 1884. London: The Religious Tract Society. 1 vol.

BUNSEN, Chr. Carl Jos. GOTT IN DER GESCHICHTE, oder Der Fortschritt des Glaubens an eine sittliche Weltordnung. 3 vols. Leipzig: 1857.

CASTREN, Alexander. KLEINERE SCHRIFTEN. St. Petersburg: 1862. 1 vol.

CORY. ANCIENT FRAGMENTS. London: 1876. 1 vol.

DELITZSCH, Dr. Friedrich. WO LAG DAS PARADIES? eine Biblisch-Assyriologische Studie. Leipzig: 1881. 1 vol.

DUNCKER, Max. GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTHUMS. Leipzig: 1878. Vol. 1st.

FERGUSSON, James. PALACES OF NINEVEH AND PERSEPOLIS RESTORED. 1 vol.

HAPPEL, Julius. DIE ALTCHINESISCHE REICHSRELIGION, vom Standpunkte der Vergleichenden Religionsgeschichte. 46 pages, Leipzig: 1882.

HAUPT, Paul. DER KEILINSCHRIFTLICHE SINTFLUTBERICHT, eine Episode des Babylonischen Nimrodepos. 36 pages. G?ttingen: 1881.

HOMMEL, Dr. Fritz. GESCHICHTE BABYLONIENS UND ASSYRIENS .

LAYARD, Austen H. DISCOVERIES AMONG THE RUINS OF NINEVEH AND BABYLON. New York: 1853. 1 vol.

LENORMANT, Fran?ois. LES PREMI?RES CIVILISATIONS. ?tudes d'Histoire et d'Arch?ologie. 1874. Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie. 2 vols.

LOFTUS. CHALDEA AND SUSIANA. 1 vol. London: 1857.

MAURY, Alfred L. F. LA MAGIE ET L'ASTROLOGIE dans l'antiquit? et en Moyen Age. Paris: 1877. 1 vol. Quatri?me ?dition.

MASPERO, G. HISTOIRE ANCIENNE DES PEUPLES DE L'ORIENT. 3e ?dition, 1878. Paris: Hachette & Cie. 1 vol.

M?NANT, Joachim. LA BIBLIOTH?QUE DU PALAIS DE NINIVE. 1 vol. Paris: 1880.

MEYER, Eduard. GESCHICHTE DES ALTERTHUMS. Stuttgart: 1884. Vol. 1st.

M?LLER, Max. LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. 2 vols. American edition. New York: 1875.

M?RDTER, F. KURZGEFASSTE GESCHICHTE BABYLONIENS UND ASSYRIENS, mit besonderer Ber?cksichtigung des Alten Testaments. Mit Vorwort und Beigaben von Friedrich Delitzsch. Stuttgart: 1882. 1 vol.

OPPERT, Jules. L'IMMORTALIT? DE L'AME CHEZ LES CHALD?ENS. 28 pages. Perrot et Chipiez.

QUATREFAGES, A. de. L'ESP?CE HUMAINE. Sixi?me edition. 1 vol. Paris: 1880.

RAWLINSON, George. THE FIVE GREAT MONARCHIES OF THE ANCIENT EASTERN WORLD. London: 1865. 1st and 2d vols.

SAYCE, A. H. FRESH LIGHT FROM ANCIENT MONUMENTS. 3d edition, 1885. London: 1 vol.

SCHRADER, Eberhard. KEILINSCHRIFTEN und Geschichtsforschung. Giessen: 1878. 1 vol.

SMITH, George. ASSYRIA from the Earliest Times to the Fall of Nineveh. London: 1 vol.

TYLOR, Edward B. PRIMITIVE CULTURE. Second American Edition. 2 vols. New York: 1877.

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