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Read Ebook: A Brief Account of Radio-activity by Venable F P Francis Preston
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Ebook has 58 lines and 4553 words, and 2 pages
stigation. For this new phenomenon Soddy has suggested the word isotope for the element and isotopic for the property, and these names have come into general use.
Manifestly, we have come across a phenomenon here which quite eliminates the atomic weight as a determining factor as to position in the Periodic or Natural System or of the elemental properties in general. All of the properties of the bodies which we call elements, and consequently of their compounds and hence of matter in general, seem to depend upon the balance maintained between the charges of negative and positive electricity which, according to Rutherford's theory, go to make up the atom.
It is evident that any study of chemical phenomena and chemical theory is quite incomplete without a study of radio-activity and the transformations which it produces.
Radio-activity in Nature
In concluding this outline of the main facts of radio-activity, it is of interest to discuss briefly the presence of radio-active material on this planet and in the stars. Facts enough have been gathered to show the probable universality of this phenomenon of radio-activity. Whether this means solely the disintegration of the uranium and thorium atoms, or whether other elements are also transformed under the intensity of the agencies at work in the universe, is of course a question as yet unsolved.
Radio-active Products in the Earth's Crust
The presence of uranium and thorium widely distributed throughout the crust of the earth would lead to the conclusion that their disintegration products would be found there also. Various rocks of igneous origin have been examined revealing from 4.78 x 10^ to 0.31 x 10^ grams of radium per gram of the rock. Aqueous rocks have shown a lesser amount, ranging from 2.92 x 10^ to 0.86 x 10^ grams. As the soil is formed by the decomposition of these rocks, radium is present in varying amounts in all kinds of soil.
Presence in Air and Soil Waters
As radium is transformed into the gaseous emanation, this will escape wherever the soil is not enclosed. For instance, a larger amount of radio-activity is found in the soil of caves and cellars than in open soils. If an iron pipe is sunk into a soil and the air of the soil sucked up into a large electroscope, the latter instrument will show the effect of the rays emitted and will measure the degree of activity. Also the interior of the pipe will receive a deposit of the radio-active material and will show appreciable radio-activity after being removed from the soil.
This radium emanation is dissolved in the soil waters, wells, springs, and rivers, rendering them more or less radio-active, and sometimes the muddy deposit at the bottom of a spring shows decided radio-activity.
The emanation also escapes into the air so that many observations made in various places show that the radium emanation is everywhere present in the atmosphere. Neither summer nor winter seems to affect this emanation, and it extends certainly to a height of two or three miles. Rain, falling through the air, dissolves some of the emanation, so that it may be found in freshly-fallen rain water and also in freshly-fallen snow. Radio-active deposits are found upon electrically charged wires exposed near the earth's surface.
As helium is the resulting product of the alpha particles emitted by the emanation and other radio-active bodies, it is found in the soil air, soil waters, and atmosphere.
Average measurements of the radio-activity of the atmosphere have led to the calculation that about one gram of radium per square kilometer of the earth's surface is requisite to keep up the supply of the emanation.
A number of estimates have been given as to the heat produced by the radio-active transformations going on in the material of this planet. Actual data are scarce and mere assumptions unsatisfactory, so little that is worth while can be deduced. It is possible that this source of heat may have an appreciable effect upon or serve to balance the earth's rate of cooling.
Cosmical Radio-activity
INDEX
Actinium, discovery of, 6
Activity, induced, 17
Alpha particles, effect of loss on Atomic Weight, 45 electrical charge of, 26 form helium, 27 nature of, 25 penetrating power of, 39 position of element changed by its loss, 46 recoil, 39 scattering of, 38 solid, 26
Atom, constitution of, 36 Kelvin's, 37 models of, 37 Rutherford's, 37
Atomic number, determination of, 43
Becquerel's experiments, 2
Beta particles, change in position of element by loss of, 47
Chalcolite, natural and artificial, 4
Constants, table of, 31
Curie unit, 22
Disintegration of the element, 25
Disintegration series, 24
Disintegration theory, 35
Electroscope, 12
Equilibrium series, 22
Helium, characteristics of, 30 discovery of, 29
Ionium, discovery of, 6
Ionization, application of electric field to, 10 experimental confirmation, 9
Ionization of gases, 7 theory of, 8
Ions, size and nature of, 10
Isotopes, 47
Lead, atomic weight varies with source, 45 radio-active, 6 the end product, 45
Life-periods of radio-active bodies, 21
Periodic system, 41 basis of, 42
Polonium, discovery of, 4
Positive nucleus, influence of, 43
Potassium, radio-activity of, 3
Radiations, action on phosphorescent bodies, 13 action on photographic plates, 11 discharge electrified bodies, 12 magnetic deflection of, 14 measurements of, 15 penetrating power of, 13, 15
Radio-active bodies, elemental nature of, 20 examination of, 20 life periods of, 21
Radio-activity, an atomic property, 3 cosmical, 51 influence on chemical theory, 41 products in atmosphere, 51 products in earth's crust, 50 products in soil waters, 50
Radium, action on organic matter, etc., 33 amount in pitchblende, 5 discovery of, 5 emanation, 22 energy evolved by, 34 properties of, 5, 32
Rays, alpha, 15, 16, 26 beta, 15, 16 gamma, 15, 16 identification of, 16, 25 magnetic deflection of, 14 photographing track of, 10 types of, 14
Rubidium, radio-activity of, 3
Spinthariscope, 13
Stopping power of substances, 39
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