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INTRODUCTION

THE EXPEDITION.

Programme--Start from Cairo--Arrive at Berber--Plan of Exploration-- The River Atbara--Abyssinian Affluents--Character of Rivers--Causes of Nile Inundations--Violence of the Rains--Arrival at Khartoum-- Description of Khartoum--Egyptian Authorities--Taxes--The Soudan-- Slave-Trade of the Soudan--Slave-Trade of the White Nile--System of Operations--Inhuman Proceedings--Negro Allies--Revelations of Slave-Trade--Distant Slave Markets--Prospects of the Expedition-- Difficulties at the Outset--Opposition of the Egyptian Authorities-- Preparations for Sailing--Johann Schmidt--Demand for Poll-Tax-- Collision before starting--Amiable Boy!--The Departure--The Boy Osman --Banks of White Nile--Change in Disposition of Men--Character of the River--Misery of Scene--River Vegetation--Ambatch Wood--Johann's Sickness--Uses of Fish-skin--Johann Dying--Johann's Death--New Year --Shillook Villages--The Sobat River--Its Character--Bahr Giraffe-- Bahr el Gazal--Observations--Corporal Richarn--Character of Bahr el Gazal--Peculiarity of River Sobat--Tediousness of Voyage--Bull Buffalo--Sali Achmet killed--His Burial--Ferocity of the Buffalo-- "The Clumsy" on the Styx--Current of White Nile--First View of Natives --Joctian and his Wife--Charming Husband--Natron--Catch a Hippopotamus--"Perhaps it was his Uncle"--Real Turtle is Mock Hippopotamus--Richarn reduced to the Ranks--Arrival at the Zareeba-- Fish Spearing--The Kytch Tribe--White Ant Towers--Starvation in the Kytch Country--Destitution of the Natives--The Bull of the Herd--Men and Beasts in a bad Temper--Aboukooka--Austrian Mission Station--Sale of the Mission-House--Melancholy Fate of Baron Harnier--The Aliab Tribes--Tulmuli of Ashes--The Shir Tribe--The Lotus Harvest--Arrival at Gondokoro--Discharge Cargo

BAD RECEPTION AT GONDOKORO.

Reports of Speke and Grant--The Bari Tribe--Description of the Natives --Effects of poisoned Arrows--Hostility of the Bari Tribe--Atrocities of the Trading Parties--Lawlessness at Gondokoro-A Boy shot--The first Mutiny--Decision of my Wife--The Khartoum Escort--Arrival of Speke and Grant--Gladness at meeting them--Their Appearance--Speke and Grant's Discoveries--Another Lake reported to exist--Speke's Instructions--Arrange to explore the Luta N'zige--Scarcity at Gondokoro--Speke and Grant depart to Khartoum

GUN ACCIDENT.

Gun Accident--Birds ruin the Donkeys--Arrangement with Mahommed--His Duplicity--Plot to obstruct my Advance--The Boy Saat--History of Saat --First Introduction to Saat--Turned out by Mistake--Saat's Character --Something brewing--Mutiny of Escort--Preparation for the worst-- Disarm the Mutineers--Mahommed's Desertion--Arrangement with Koorshid Aga--The last Hope gone--Expedition ruined--Resolution to advance-- Richarn faithful--Bari Chief's Report--Parley with Mutineers-- Conspiracy again--Night Visit of Fadeela--"Quid pro Quo"--"Adda," the Latooka--Arrange to start for Latooka--Threats of Koorshid's People-- Determination to proceed--Start from Gondokoro--My own Guide.

FIRST NIGHT'S MARCH.

Bivouacking--Arrival at Belignan--Attempts at Conciliation--I shame my Men--The March--Advantages of Donkeys--Advice for Travellers-- Want of Water--A forced March--Its Difficulties--Delays on the Road-- Cleverness of the Donkeys--Party dead-beat--Improvidence of Monkey-- We obtain Water--Native Tit-Bits--Surrounded by Natives-- Cross-Examination--Recognition of the Chief--Interest of Natives--The Monkey Wallady--We leave Tollogo--The Ellyria Pass--A Race for Ellyria--Ellyrian Villages palisaded--Outmarched by the Turks-- Ibrahim and his Men--Attempt at Reconciliation--Diplomacy--Peace established--Arrive at Ellyria--Legge, the Chief of Ellyria--Presents to Ibrahim--Legge's Intemperance--Violent Storm--No Supplies-- Formation of Skulls.

LEAVE ELLYRIA.

We leave Ellyria--Brutality towards the Women--Order of March-- Bellaal--Drainage towards the Sobat--Game at Wakkala--Delightful Scenery--Latooka Thieves--Stalking Antelopes--Chase after Waterbuck-- Good Service of Rifle--The Turks' Salute--Treacherous Welcome-- Mahommed Her--Quarrelling among the Traders--The Latooka Mutiny-- Settle the Ringleader--Stop the Mutiny--I pursue a Fugitive, and interpose on his behalf--Held in some Estimation--Desertion of Men-- The Natives of Latooka--Their probable Origin--Tribes hard to distinguish--Tarrangolle--Native Architecture--Exhumation of the Dead --Coiffure of Natives--Hair Helmets of Latooka--Fighting Bracelets-- The Latooka Women--The Chief's Introduction--"Moy" and his Ladies-- Bokke proposes to improve Mrs. Baker--Bokke and Daughter--Extraction of the front Teeth--The Value of Wives--Cows of more value than Women --Destruction of Mahommed Her's People--Death of my Deserters--My Prophecy realized--Apprehensive of an Attack--The Turks insult the Women--Ill Conduct of the Turks--Well done, Bokke!--Results of the Turks' Misconduct--Interview with Commoro--Awkward Position--The Latooka War Signal--Preparations for Defence--We await the Attack-- Parley--Too "wide awake"--Camp at Tarrangolle--Scarcity in view of Plenty--Wild Duck Shooting--The Crested Crane, &c.--Adda's Proposal-- Obtuseness of Natives--Degraded State of Natives.

THE FUNERAL DANCE.

A Funeral Dance--Bari Interpreters--Commoro, the Lion--Conversation with Commoro--"Where will the Spirit live?"--"Good and bad all die"-- Failure of the religious Argument--Further Conversation--The Camel poisoned--Habits of the Camel--Camel's peculiar Constitution--The Hygeen, or riding Dromedary--Loss of Camel a Misfortune--Dirty Donkeys

LATOOKA.

Herds of the Latookas and Game--Storm--Effects of Rain upon Natives-- Native Blacksmiths--Their Tools--Elephants--Elephant Hunt--Tetel, my old Hunter--Charged by a herd of Elephants--Cowardly Followers--Track the wounded Elephant--Nearly caught--Tetel distressed--Return to Camp --African and Indian Elephants--Height of Elephants--Food of Elephants --African and Ceylon Elephants--Difference in Formation of Brain-- Rifles and Bullets for heavy Game--Character of Country and its Sports --The "Baby"--Method of killing Elephants--Elephant Pitfalls-- Circling them with Fire--Native Hunting--The Bagara Hunters--Danger of Elephant Hunting

IBRAHIM's RETURN.

The African Black--Comparison between Whites and Blacks--Varieties in Creation--The Negro--Character of the Negro-Originated African Slave System--Indisposition to Work--Negro Slave Hunters--Ibrahimawa; or, Sinbad the Sailor--Makkarika Cannibals--My daily Employments-- Quarrels with the Latookas--Parley with Latooka Chiefs--The Latookas seize a Gun--Helplessness in an Advance--Hope to the South--Journey to Obbo--Uncomfortable Night--Enter the Mountains--Beautiful Scenery --Arrive at Obbo--Natives of Obbo--Butter Nuts and Fruits--Pottery and Utensils--Natural Features of Obbo--Katchiba, Chief of Obbo-- Entertained with a Dance--Women of Obbo--Languages of Tribes-- Katchiba's Diplomacy--Katchiba "always at Home"--Family Government-- The great Magician--Reconnaissance to the South--Mrs. Baker's Dwelling --An Upset--Loss of Filfil--My Bivouac--Ceremony of Welcome at Farajoke--Elevated Country at Farajoke--Stopped by the Asua--Return to Obbo--Gallantry of Katchiba--Katchiba determines to ride--First Attempts at Horsemanship--Recover the lost Horse--Ceremony at parting with Katchiba--Return to Latooka--Discovery of supposed Yams--Beware of Botanists--Baboons--The Maharif Antelope--The Giraffe--Hunting Giraffes--Unsuccessful Hunt--Benighted--Regain the Party-- Bread-baking on the March--Sickness; Small-pox--Wani, the Interpreter --First Clue to the Lake--Brown Men are called White

THE TURKS ATTACK KAYALA.

The "Pleasant Robber" killed--Division of the Spoil--Discord among the Natives--The Life of Women spared in War--Scarcity of Salt, among the Latookas--Another Cause of Alarm--The Turks murder a Native--Country disturbed--Good Sport--Two Thieves--Ibrahimawa's Reminiscences of England--Party recalled to Obbo--White Ants--Destructiveness of Birds --Cattle Stealers at Night--A Thief shot--My Wife ill with Fever-- March to Obbo--Great Puff Adder--Poison-fangs of Snakes--Violent Storm--Arrive again at Obbo--Hostility caused by the Turks--The M.D. attends us--Death of "Mouse"--Marauding Expedition--Saat becomes scientific--Saat and Gaddum Her--Will England suppress the Slave Trade?--Filthy Customs of the Natives--The Egyptian Scarabaeus-- Bacheeta, the Unyoro Slave--Intelligence of the Lake--Its probable Commercial Advantages--Commerce with the Interior--Obbo the Clothing Frontier--Death of my last Camel--Excellent Species of Gourd--A Morning Call in Obbo--Katchiba's Musical Accomplishments--Loss of remaining Donkey--Deceived by the Turks--Fever--Symptoms--Dismal Prospect, "Coming Events," &c.

LIFE AT OBBO.

Physician in General--Influence gained over the People--Katchiba is applied to for Rain--"Are you a Rainmaker?"--Katchiba takes Counsel's Opinion--Successful Case--Night-watch for Elephants--Elephant killed --Dimensions of the Elephant--Wild Boars--Start for the South--Mrs. Baker thrown from her Ox--The Asua River--Stalking Mehedehet Antelope --A Prairie Fire--Tracking an Antelope--Turks' Standard-bearer killed --Arrival at Shooa--The Neighbourhood of Shooa--Fruitfulness of Shooa --Cultivation and Granaries--Absconding of Obbo Porters--"Wheels within Wheels"--Difficulty in starting South--Departure from Shooa-- Fatiko Levee--Boundless Prairies--Fire the Prairies--Deceit of the Guide--Arrive at the Victoria Nile--Arrive at Rionga's Country--Start for Karuma--The Karuma Falls--Welcome by Kamrasi's People--Passage of the River forbidden--To await Reply of Kamrasi--The Natives' Dread of Kamrasi--They hold a Conference--Resolve to cross the River alone-- The Ferry of Atada--Reception by Keedja--I lull the Suspicions of the Natives--Appellations of Speke and Grant--Freemasonry of Unyoro-- Native Curiosity--The Bark Cloth of Unyoro--Comparative Civilization of Unyoros--Native Pottery--The Bottle Gourds used as Models--"Great Men never in a Hurry to pay Visits"--Pronounced to be Speke's Brother-- The Escort cross the River--Neatness of the Natives in packing--Native Manufactures--March parallel with the Victoria Nile--Severe Illness of Mrs. Baker--March to the Capital--Kamrasi suspects Treachery--Arrive at last at the Capital--Imprisoned on the Marsh--Expectation of an Attack--Kamrasi makes a State Visit--Conversation with the King--His Reception of my Presents--Another Interview with Kamrasi--Exchange Blood and become Friends--Avarice of the King--Permitted to leave our Fever-bed--Ibrahim and Party return North--Sulkiness of Bacheeta-- Attempt to barter for Speke's Rifle--Rapacity of the Chiefs.

THE START FOR THE LAKE.

Despicable Conduct of the King--Pertinacity of Kamrasi--Kamrasi's Infamous Proposal--Resentment of the King's Insolence--The King's Apology--Expectation of a Fight--Kamrasi's Satanic Escort--The Rout at a Gun-shot--A disagreeable Escort--Passage of the Kafoor--Mrs. Baker receives a Sun-stroke--Dismissal of the brutal Escort--Misery and Distress--Return to Consciousness, but afflicted with Brain-fever

RECOVERED.

The Sugarcane indigenous--Unyoro People clean Feeders--Close to the Lake--Discovery of the Albert N'yanza--Gratitude to Providence-- Denominate it "The Albert N'yanza"--Fishing Tackle--The Lake declared to be the Sea--Feast in honour of the Discovery--Survey of the Lake-- Geography of the Lake--Countries bordering the Lake--The Great Basin of the Nile--Sources of the Nile--Affluents of the Albert Lake--Our whole party Fever-stricken--Yearning for Home--Arrange Canoes for Lake Voyage--Start from Vacovia--Voyage upon the Lake--Shore Encampment-- Deserted by the Boatmen--No Pilot--Endeavour to civilize the Canoes-- Adapt a Scotch Plaid for a Sail--Natives volunteer as Boatmen--Storm on the Lake--Nearly swamped--Land safely on Shore--Falls of the Kaiigiri River--Shoot a Crocodile--Taste of Crocodile Flesh-- Discomforts of Lake Voyage--Elephants in the Lake--Inhospitable Natives--Procure Supplies--The Lake changes its character--Arrival at Magungo--Embouchure of the Somerset River--Fish and Fishing--The Baggera and Lepidosiren Annecteus--Native Fishing Arrangements--Exit of the Nile from the Lake--Nile navigable from Lake to Madi--The Victoria Nile at Magungo--Determination to settle Nile Question--Nobly seconded by Mrs. Baker--Leave Magungo--Voyage up the Victoria Nile-- Stricken again with Fever--Guided by Waterplants--Numerous Crocodiles --The Murchison Falls--Hippopotamus charges the Canoe--Narrow Escape from Crocodiles--Arrival of Oxen, but not the Guide--Loss of Oxen from Fly-bite--Sickness on the March--The Island of Patooan--Information about Ibrahim--Difference in the Level--Difference in Observations-- Altitudes

TREACHEROUS DESIGNS OF THE NATIVES.

Confined in the Country--Determine to proceed--Deserted by the Natives --Discovery of a "Tullaboon" Granary--Misery at Shooa Moru--Hard Fare --Preparation for Death--Kamrasi's Tactics--The Bait takes--We are carried to the King's Camp--Rejoin the Turks' Detachment--Their Welcome--Kamrasi seeks my Alliance--Deception of Kamrasi--M'Gambi has impersonated the King--The real Kamrasi--Prefer seeing Meat to a King --The begging Envoy--Carried to the Camp of Kamrasi--Introduction to the real King--Description of Kamrasi--The Native Court

AT HOME IN KISOONA.

System of Fattening--Native Preparations of Food--Native Manufactures --Knavery of Native Butter-dealers--Vapour Bath for Fever--State Visit from the King--Mendicancy again--The King in love with a Tooth-comb-- Effect of concave Mirror--Attempts at Ancient History--Kamrasi's Request--Kamrasi affronted--Sudden Invasion of the Country--Alarm and Cowardice of Kamrasi--The British Flag protects Unyoro--Diplomatic Arrangement--Conference with Debono's Party--Settle authoritatively all Objections--Retreat of the Invaders.

KAMRASI BEGS FOR THE BRITISH FLAG.

The pertinacious Beggar--Summary Justice for High Treason--Arrival of Ivory for the Turks--Frightful Barbarities upon Captives--The Female Captives--Treacherous Murder of Sali--Disputes with Kamrasi--Advice to Kamrasi--The Turks begin to bully--Eddrees refused Admittance at Court--Communicate with Ibrahim--Drunkenness among the Unyoros-- Native Sorcerers--Implicit Belief in Sorcerers--Invasion of the M'Was --Consulted by the King in the Extremity--Kamrasi will not Fight--An invigorating little Difficulty--Mock Valour by Unyoros--Kamrasi's Retreat--We are Deserted--Prepare for Retreat--Leave Kisoona--Arrive at Deang--No Water--Deserted again by the Porters--Richarn missing-- Richarn reported as killed--The M'Was' Drums beat--March to Foweera-- The Night Retreat--Lose the Road--At a Loss for direct Route--Capture a Native--Recover the Route--Exhaustion of Mrs. Baker--Arrive at Foweera--Well prepared--Refuse to assist Kamrasi--Richarn's Return-- Richarn's Story--The King in Distress--Arrival of Ibrahim with Reinforcements--Receive Letters and Papers from Home--Kamrasi "is himself again"--Invasion of the Langgo Country--The Whisky Distillery --Kamrasi tries the Whisky--Butcheries by Kamrasi--Kamrasi orders the Murder of Kalloe--Attempt to save Kalloe--Pursuit and Capture of Kalloe --I intercede on his behalf--Death of a Headman--Shot by order of Kamrasi--The Warning--The Bodyguard

KAMRASI'S ADIEU,

Begging to the last--We quit Kamrasi's Territory--March to Shooa-- Arrive at Shooa--The Lira Tribe--Resemblance of Natives' and Lawyers' Wigs--Result of the Turks' Razzias--Loss of Cattle by the Turks--The Fight with Werdella--Courage of Werdella--Werdella defeats the Turks-- Murder of a Native--Runaway slaves recaptured--Brutality of the Turks --Little Abbai--The Children of the Camp--Pleasant Time with the Children--Shoot a Crocodile--The Black Rhinoceros--The Lira Head-dress--Native Use of Donkeys

THE NATIVES IN MOURNING.

Results of the Ivory Campaign--Preparations for starting Homeward-- Part regretfully with the Children--The Traveller's Tree--View of the Nile--Koshi and Madi--Gebel Kookoo--On Speke and Grant's Route-- Changes in the Nile--The Asua River--Suspicious Movements of the Natives--Attacked in the Pass--Night in a hostile Country--Camp surrounded by Natives--Poisoned Arrows shot into Camp--Sight Belignan --Approach Gondokoro--Arrive at Gondokoro--Neither Letters nor Supplies--Disappointment.

THE LATEST NEWS FROM KHARTOUM.

Intelligence from Khartoum--Retreat of the Slaves--Influence gained over Traders' People--Sail from Gondokoro--The Nile cleared of its Mystery--The Victoria Source--Ptolemy's Theory--Rainfall--Affluents of the White Nile--Action of the Abyssinian Rivers--Colonization impossible--Slavery the Curse of Africa--Impotence of European Consuls --Impossibility of convicting a Trader--Central Africa opened to Navigation--Tribes of Central Africa--Vestiges of a Pre-Adamite Creation--Geological Formation--Hypothesis of Equatorial Lakes--Sir Roderick Murchison's Theories confirmed--Sir Roderick Murchison's Address

THE BLACK ANTELOPE.

Antelope shooting--Arrive at Junction of Bahr el Gazal--Arrive at the Nile Dam--Character of the Obstruction--Passage through the Dam--The Plague breaks out--Saat smitten by the Plague--Entertained by Osman Bey--Saat dies--Burial of Saat--Arrival at Khartoum--Albert Lake Reservoir of Nile--Destruction by the Plague--A Darkness that might be felt--Horrible Slave Cargo--Meet with Mahommed Her--Mahommed Her punished--Nearly wrecked--Stranded among Cataracts--Clear the Danger --Start from Berber to Souakim--A Row in the Desert--Combat with the Arabs--"Bravo, Zeneb!"--Disarm the Arabs--Cross the Mountains--First View of the Sea--Souakim--Arrival at Suez--Farewell to Africa-- Exertions appreciated

General Map of Country, Nile Basin Arms and Instruments of various Tribes Nuehr Natives coming to the Boats Joctian, Chief of the Nuehr Tribe Chief of Kytch and Daughter Starving boy of Kytch Tribe begging The Boys who have begged A Homestead of the Bari Tribe-The usual Attitudes of the Men Legge the Chief Commoro running to the Fight Bokke-Wife of Moy, Chief of Latooka Drake's Head Crimson-headed Spur-winged Goose The Latooka Funeral Dance Latooka Blacksmiths The last Charge Head-dress of Obbo and Shoggo Women of Obbo Katchiba's eldest Son Katchiba and his Hebe on a Journey Overhauling the Giraffes The Obbo War Dance Mehedehet Antelope Natives of Lira and Madi in the Camp at Shooa My Examination by the Chiefs on entering Unyoro-Resolved, that I am Speke's Brother The Start from the M'rooli for the Lake with Kamrasi's Satanic Escort The Storm on the Albert Lake The Baggera Lepidosiren Annecteus The Murchison Falls, about 120 ft. high from the Victoria Nile or Somerset River to the Level of the Albert Lake The Welcome on our Return to the Camp at Shooa Head of Black Rhinoceros The Chief of the Lira Tribe Skirmish with the Natives

INTRODUCTION.

The primary object of geographical exploration is the opening to general intercourse such portions of the earth as may become serviceable to the human race. The explorer is the precursor of the colonist; and the colonist is the human instrument by which the great work must be constructed--that greatest and most difficult of all undertakings--the civilization of the world.

The progress of civilization depends upon geographical position. The surface of the earth presents certain facilities and obstacles to general access; those points that are easily attainable must always enjoy a superior civilization to those that are remote from association with the world.

We may thus assume that the advance of civilization is dependent upon facility of transport. Countries naturally excluded from communication may, through the ingenuity of man, be rendered accessible; the natural productions of those lands may be transported to the seacoast in exchange for foreign commodities; and commerce, thus instituted, becomes the pioneer of civilization.

England, the great chief of the commercial world, possesses a power that enforces a grave responsibility. She has the force to civilize. She is the natural colonizer of the world. In the short space of three centuries, America, sprung from her loins, has become a giant offspring, a new era in the history of the human race, a new birth whose future must be overwhelming. Of later date, and still more rapid in development, Australia rises, a triumphant proof of England's power to rescue wild lands from barrenness; to wrest from utter savagedom those mighty tracts of the earth's surface wasted from the creation of the world,--a darkness to be enlightened by English colonization. Before the advancing steps of civilization the savage inhabitants of dreary wastes retreated: regions hitherto lain hidden, and counting as nothing in the world's great total, have risen to take the lead in the world's great future.

Thus England's seed cast upon the earth's surface germinates upon soils destined to reproduce her race. The energy and industry of the mother country become the natural instincts of her descendants in localities adapted for their development; and wherever Nature has endowed a land with agricultural capabilities, and favourable geographical position, slowly but surely that land will become a centre of civilization.

True Christianity cannot exist apart from civilization; thus, the spread of Christianity must depend upon the extension of civilization; and that extension depends upon commerce.

The philanthropist and the missionary will expend their noble energies in vain in struggling against the obtuseness of savage hordes, until the first steps towards their gradual enlightenment shall have been made by commerce. The savage must learn to WANT; he must learn to be ambitious; and to covet more than the mere animal necessities of food and drink. This can alone be taught by a communication with civilized beings: the sight of men well clothed will induce the naked savage to covet clothing, and will create a WANT; the supply of this demand will be the first step towards commerce. To obtain the supply, the savage must produce some article in return as a medium of barter, some natural production of his country adapted to the trader's wants. His wants will increase as his ideas expand by communication with Europeans: thus, his productions must increase in due proportion, and he must become industrious; industry being the first grand stride towards civilization.

The natural energy of all countries is influenced by climate; and civilization being dependent upon industry, or energy, must accordingly vary in its degrees according to geographical position. The natives of tropical countries do not progress: enervated by intense heat, they incline rather to repose and amusement than to labour. Free from the rigour of winters, and the excitement of changes in the seasons, the native character assumes the monotony of their country's temperature. They have no natural difficulties to contend with,--no struggle with adverse storms and icy winds and frost-bound soil; but an everlasting summer, and fertile ground producing with little tillage, excite no enterprise; and the human mind, unexercised by difficulties, sinks into languor and decay. There are a lack of industry, a want of intensity of character, a love of ease and luxury, which leads to a devotion to sensuality,--to a plurality of wives, which lowers the character and position of woman. Woman, reduced to that false position, ceases to exercise her proper influence upon man; she becomes the mere slave of passion, and, instead of holding her sphere as the emblem of civilization she becomes its barrier. The absence of real love engendered by a plurality of wives, is an absolute bar to progress; and so long as polygamy exists, an extension of civilization is impossible. In all tropical countries polygamy is the prevailing evil: this is the greatest obstacle to Christianity. The Mahommedan religion, planned carefully for Eastern habits, allowed a plurality of wives, and prospered. The savage can be taught the existence of a Deity, and become a Mussulman; but to him the hateful law of fidelity to one wife is a bar to Christianity. Thus, in tropical climates there will always be a slower advance of civilization than in more temperate zones.

The highest civilization was originally confined to the small portion of the globe comprised between Persia, Egypt, Greece, and Italy. In those countries was concentrated the world's earliest history; and although changed in special importance, they preserve their geographical significance to the present day.

The power and intelligence of man will have their highest development within certain latitudes, and the natural passions and characters of races will be governed by locality and the temperature of climate.

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