Read Ebook: Joseph Pennell's Pictures in the Land of Temples Reproductions of a Series of Lithographs Made by Him in the Land of Temples March-June 1913 Together with Impressions and Notes by the Artist. by Pennell Joseph

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UNGLAZED POTTERY.

The Pottery of the Stone Age.--The Lacustrine Dwellings.--Vases of the Bronze Age.--Peruvian Pottery.--Mexican Pottery.--Pottery of Western Mounds.--The Cesnola Collections.--Roman Pottery.--Saxon and Scandinavian Pottery.--The Pottery of Ancient Gaul--of Ancient Germany.....PAGE 13

UNGLAZED POTTERY.--THE GREEK VASE.

Palaces of Homer's Heroes.--The Ceramicus at Athens.--Egyptian Pottery.--Etruscan Tombs.--Good and Bad Vases.--Age of Vases.--Various Styles.--The Archaic Style.--The Fine Style.--Beauty a Birthright.--Aspasia's House.--Names of Vases.--The Cup of Arcesilaus.--Number of Extant Vases.--Their Uses.--The Greek Houses.--Greek Women.--Greek Men.--The Hetairai.--Etruscan Vases.....29

UNGLAZED POTTERY AT THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1876.

Unglazed Water-Colors.--Clay Sketches.--Japanese Clay Figures.--Spanish Pots.--Italian Peasant Pottery.--Egyptian.--Turkish.--Mexican.--Watcombe Terra-cotta.--Copenhagen Pottery.....63

GLAZED POTTERY.--GR?S DE FLANDRE, FRENCH, GERMAN, ETC.

Definition of Glaze.--Varnish.--Enamel in Egypt, Babylon.--The Arabs and the Moors.--Gr?s de Flandre.--Cologne, Regensburg, Baireuth, Neuwied, Grenzhausen, Coblentz.--Holland.--Beauvais.--Flanders.--Apostle-Mugs. --Graybeards.--"Bellarmines."--"Pottle-Pots."--Modern Work.--Doulton Stone-ware.--Early German Stone-ware at Breslau.--Hirschvogel. --Nuremberg.....69

GLAZED POTTERY.--MOORISH, PERSIAN, RHODIAN, ETC., ETC.

The Arabs in Spain.--Cordova, Granada, Seville.--Enamel and Lustres.--Hispano-Moresque.--The Alhambra.--Tiles.--Vase of the Alhambra.--Malaga.--Majorca and Maiolica.--Rhodian Pottery.--Damascus Pottery.--Persian and Arabic Pottery.--Persian Porcelain.--Persian and Arabic Tiles.....81

GLAZED POTTERY.--ITALIAN MAIOLICAS.

The Word Maiolica, or Majolica.--Italian Renaissance.--The Dark Ages.--The Crusades.--The Mezza-Maiolica.--The True Maiolica.--Luca della Robbia.--Urbino.--Xanto and Fontana.--Raffaelesque Ware.--Mr. Fortnum.--Prices to-day.--Gubbio.--Maestro Giorgio.--The Lustres.--Castel-Durante.--Faenza.--The Sgraffito.--Forli, Venice, Castelli, etc.--Castellani.--Maiolicas at the Centennial.....95

FRENCH FAIENCE.--PALISSY WARE, AND HENRI-DEUX WARE.

Bernard Palissy.--The Catholics and the Huguenots.--Saintes.--Figurines.--The Centennial Exhibition.--Prices.--Henri-Deux--where made--when.--Copies at Philadelphia.--List of Pieces extant, and Prices.....123

FRENCH FAIENCE.--NEVERS, ROUEN, BEAUVAIS, ETC.

Number of Manufactories.--Their Rise and Decline.--Nevers.--Prices.--Beauvais.--Rouen.--Moustiers.--Strasbourg, or Haguenau.--Marseilles.--Sarreguemines.--Sinceny, Nancy, Creil, Montpellier.--Paris.--Paris to-day.--Limoges.--Deck.....138

DUTCH DELFT AND ENGLISH EARTHEN-WARE.

Delft, Number of Fabriques.--Haarlem.--Paste.--Great Painters.--Violins.--Tea-Services.--A Dutch Stable.--Broeck Dutch Tiles.--England.--Queen Elizabeth.--Pepys's Diary.--Brown Stone-ware.--The Tyg.--Lambeth Pottery.--Fulham Pottery.--Elers.--Elizabethan Pottery.--Stoke-upon-Trent.--Josiah Wedgwood.--Cheapness.--Queen's-ware. --Jasper-ware.--Flaxman.--Cameos.--Basalt.--The Portland Vase.--Prices.....153

THE PORCELAIN OF CHINA.

Difficulties.--The Porcelain Tower at Nanking.--First Making of Porcelain.--Kaolin and Pe-tun-tse.--Marco Polo.--Portuguese Importation.--The City of King-te-chin.--Jacquemart's Groups.--Symbolic Decoration.--Inscriptions.--The Ming Period.--The Celestial Blue.--The Celadons.--Reticulated Cups.--The Crackle.--Various Periods.--Individualism. --Marks and Dates.....175

THE PORCELAIN OF JAPAN.

Corean Porcelain.--Katosiro-ouye-mon.--The Province of Idsoumi.--Styles prevailing in Japan.--Marks.--Japanese Blue.--Indian Porcelain.--Dutch East India Company.--Egg-shell and Crackle.--Mandarin China.--Kaga Ware.--Satsuma Ware.--Japanese Art.--The Philadelphia Exhibition.....210

THE PORCELAINS OF CENTRAL EUROPE--DRESDEN, BERLIN, H?CHST, ETC.

THE PORCELAIN OF FRANCE--ST.-CLOUD, CHANTILLY, S?VRES, ETC.

THE PORCELAINS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE--ITALY, SPAIN, ETC.

Florentine, or Medicean.--Is it a True Porcelain?--The House of Medici.--Marks.--Doccia Porcelain.--The MarquisGinori.--Beccheroni.--Present Work.--Marks.--Venice.--Vezzi.--Cozzi.--Marks.--Turin.--Gioanetti.--Marks. --Nove.--Terraglia.--Marks.--Capo di Monte.--Naples.--In Relief.--Marks.--Spanish Porcelain.--Buen Retiro.--Marks.--Portugal.....274

THE PORCELAINS OF ENGLAND.

Bow.--Chelsea.--Derby.--Chelsea-Derby.--Lowestoft.--Worcester.--Chamberlains. --Plymouth.--Bristol.--Pinxton.--Nantgaraw.--Swansea.--Turners.--Coalport. --Coalbrookdale.--Herculaneum.--Shelton, New Hall.--Rockingham.--Spode, Copeland.--Place.--Daniell.--Minton.--Prices and Marks.....288

THE PORCELAINS OF NORTHERN EUROPE.

POTTERY AND PORCELAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.

The First Porcelain made here.--Bonnin and Morris.--Franklin Institute.--William Ellis Tucker.--Tucker and Hemphill.--Thomas Tucker.--General Tyndale.--Porcelain of T. C. Smith and Sons.--Early Advertisements.--Josiah Wedgwood.--Lord Sheffield's Report.--Alexander Hamilton's Report.--History of Norwich.--Samuel Dennis, New Haven.--Isaac Hanford, Hartford.--Gallatin's Report.--The "Washington Pitchers."--Lyman and Fenton, Vermont.--Rouse and Turner, New Jersey.--Potteries at Trenton.--In Ohio.--The Centennial Exhibition.....331

POTTERY AND PORCELAIN.

UNGLAZED POTTERY.

The Pottery of the Stone Age.--The Lacustrine Dwellings.--Vases of the Bronze Age.--Peruvian Pottery.--Mexican Pottery.--Pottery of Western Mounds.--The Cesnola Collections.--Roman Pottery.--Saxon and Scandinavian Pottery.--The Pottery of Ancient Gaul--of Ancient Germany.

MAN A COOKING ANIMAL.--Man is the only cooking animal, so far as I know. It is easy to believe that archaic man, when he began to evolve from the animal state, at once began to invent, and that, after he had discovered the uses of fire, the first need was of vessels which could be used upon the fire to seethe and boil.

And what do we find?

THE REINDEER AGE--THE STONE AGE.--Of prehistoric times, when the reindeer roved free over Europe, even to the shores of the Mediterranean, in the Stone age, even when man lived in caves and was only able to fashion things with stones, a few pots have been found, showing how early his wants led him to fashion things of clay.

The LACUSTRINE DWELLINGS of the Stone Age have given up a few traces of men. The remains of lake-dwellers have been found mostly in Switzerland, but somewhat in Ireland and Scotland. These reveal a people who built their huts for safety upon piles or upon fascines anchored in the small lakes. A variety of interesting things, consisting of spear-heads, knives, hatchets, etc., have been found, some of flint, some of bone, and some of bronze. Among these, which pertain to our subject, are a few pots of clay, which have survived the gnawing tooth of Time.

In Figs. 1 and 2 are to be seen two of these. They are coarse and clumsy, and are of blackish-gray clay, hardened in the sun or in an insufficient fire. They are not turned upon a wheel, but show marks of the fingers impressed in the soft clay. Yet we cannot but be struck with the faint attempt at decoration to be seen on the foot of one of them, even in that era of savageness.

The BRONZE AGE yields up pottery which does not yet show the invention of the potter's wheel. The work is still moulded by the hand, but the clay is better, and the forms begin to show clear indications of a sense of proportion and a considerable degree of choice. The shapes are in greater variety, and some of them certainly are good. Of the five examples none are very bad, and two , if not three, are excellent.

How early the varied decoration showed itself we cannot know, but in many examples of early fictile work, the meander, the chevron or saw-tooth, and the fret, now called the Greek fret, are sure to appear--and among the most diverse and distant nations; so, too, the forms and the uses of the vessels.

Do not these things show that man develops everywhere along a corresponding line? They have not copied from one another, but a like want has produced a similar result in all.

The civilizations which organized themselves in Mexico have always been an interesting and curious study. When Cortez and his conquering, gold-seeking white men reached the high lands of the beautiful interior , they found the splendid city of Mexico, built over and along the shores of the inland lake, and stretching toward the foot-hills which protect it from unfriendly winds. Here the Aztecs had organized society. They had succeeded to the Toltecs, a prosperous, industrious, and probably a peaceful people--a people coming from the warmer South, and unable to cope with the more hardy Aztecs, who came down from the North.

These Aztecs had not only developed the arts of architecture and painting, as well as most of the mechanic arts; they had also reached to a literature, to laws, to a religion most elaborate and splendid; and they had not neglected to conquer and tax surrounding tribes, and make them pay tribute, as all the "great" white nations of the world have done. But all their civilizations, laws, religions, arts, were swept into ruin by the conquering hand of Cortez and his successors.

And what have we now in Mexico? What has come of the destruction of the great Indian races there? What but greed, anarchy, cruelty, ruin? It would be a curious speculation now to picture what that country--the most beautiful and most bountiful--might now be in the hands of its own people, and with a government which could protect life and make labor safe. As it is, its life and its art give us nothing to look at or to enjoy.

Must man always destroy first in order that he may build up, and then be himself destroyed? No remains have come to us of glazed pottery belonging to these times; and it is probable that, their wants being fewer, their climate milder, and their food simpler, invention was not so much on the alert as it might have been in a colder and harsher climate. That these races were for some unknown reason superior to those living farther to the north, none will doubt when they know what they accomplished as compared with the Indians of the United States.

The PERUVIANS were the most cultivated and comfortable nation upon the Western Continent when Pizarro invaded, and, I may say, destroyed them. Indeed, when we read the accounts given of them by the Spanish writers themselves, we have only another proof that what we call "carrying to other peoples the blessings of civilization and Christianity" means rather the cursing them with cruelty and greed.

A large collection of their pottery was shown at the United States Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, and there is a sufficient and most interesting exhibit of it in the Peabody Museum at Harvard in Cambridge. In this collection, also, are to be found many examples of like unglazed pottery found in the Western mounds of the United States by Professors Shaler and Carr, who for some years have been engaged in researches in Kentucky and at other points in the West.

Upon some examples of this American pottery are to be seen decorations in color, mostly red, black, and brown; and it would seem impossible that these colors should have lasted through so many centuries, if they were not fixed by fire, and therefore were mineral.

The decorations, too, were somewhat varied, but in none which I have seen do they go beyond the elementary styles already mentioned.

The production of idols and fantastic vases, animals and grotesques, must have been extensive, as so many of these have already been found; indicating that they must have been common in their day. Examples of this fantastic decoration and modeling are seen in Figs. 12 to 15--and in Fig. 14 is an approach to portraiture. In one is seen the double-bellied bottle, so much in use in China and Japan. The twin-bottles seen in Figs. 8 and 9 are good examples of a fancy which evidently pleased potter and people in those "good old Peruvian times."

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