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BOOK FIFTH.

THE DISCUSSION OF LEIPSIC, 1519.

PAGE

Luther's Dangers--God saves Luther--The Pope sends a Chamberlain--The Chamberlain--Legate's Journey--Briefs of Rome--Circumstances favourable to the Reformation--Miltitz with Spalatin--Tezel's Terror--Caresses of Miltitz--A Recantation demanded--Luther refuses, but offers to be silent--Agreement between Luther and the Nuncio--The Legate's Embrace--Tezel overwhelmed by the Legate--Luther to the Pope--Nature of the Reformation--Luther against Separation--De Vio and Miltitz at Treves--Luther's Cause extends in different Countries--Luther's Writings the commencement of the Reformation. 1

The War seems ended in Germany--Eck Revives the Contest--Debate between Eck and Carlstadt--The Question of the Pope--Luther Replies--Alarm of Luther's Friends--Luther's Courage--Truth triumphs single-handed--Refusal of Duke Georges--Delight of Mosellanus and Fears of Erasmus. 13

Arrival of Eck and the Wittembergers--Amsdorff--The Students-- Carlstadt's Accident--Placard--Eck and Luther--Pleissenburg-- Shall Judges be appointed?--Luther objects. 19

The Procession--Mass--Mosellanus--Veni, Sancte Spiritus!-- Portraits of Luther and Carlstadt--Doctor Eck--Carlstadt's Books--Merit of Congruity--Natural Powers--Scholastic Distinction--Point where Rome and the Reformation Separate-- Grace gives Man freedom--Carlstadt's Note-Book--Commotion in the Auditory--Melancthon during the Debate--Manoeuvres of Eck--Luther Preaches--The Citizens of Leipsic--Quarrels of Students and Quarrels of Teachers. 24

Hierarchy and Rationalism--Two Peasants' Sons--Eck and Luther begin--The Head of the Church--The Primacy of Rome--Equality of Bishops--Peter the Foundation--Christ the Foundation--Eck insinuates that Luther is a Hussite--Luther on the Doctrine of Huss--Agitation in the Audience--Pleasantry of Dr. Eck--The Word alone--The Court Fool--Luther at Mass--Saying of the Duke--Purgatory--Close of the Discussion. 33

Interest felt by the Laity--Luther's Opinion--Admissions and Boastings of Dr. Eck--Effects of the Discussion--Poliander-- Cellarius--The Young Prince of Anhalt--The Students of Leipsic-- Cruciger--Calling of Melancthon--Emancipation of Luther. 42

Eck attacks Melancthon--Melancthon's Defence--Interpretation of Scripture--Luther's Firmness--The Bohemian Brethren--Emser-- Staupitz. 47

Epistle to the Galatians--Christ for us--Blindness of Luther's Adversaries--First Ideas on the Supper--Is the Sacrament Sufficient without Faith?--Luther a Bohemian--Eck Attacked--Eck sets out for Rome. 50

THE BULL OF ROME.

Character of Maximilian--The Competitors for the Empire-- Charles--Francis I--Inclination of the Germans--The Crown offered to Frederick--Charles is Elected. 55

Luther writes to the Emperor--Luther's Dangers--Instructions of Frederick to the Court of Rome--Luther's Sentiments--Melancthon's Fears--The German Nobles favourable to the Reformation-- Schaumburg--Seckingen--Ulric de Hutten--Luther's Confidence-- Luther's Greater Freedom--Faith the Source of Works--What Faith gives--Luther Judging his own Writings. 59

The Papacy Attacked--Appeal to the Nobility--The Three Walls--All Christians are Priests--The Magistrate's duty to Correct the Clergy--Abuses of Rome--Ruin of Italy--Dangers of Germany-- The Pope--The Legates--The Monks--The Marriage of Priests--Celibacy--Festivals--The Bohemians--Charity--The Universities--The Empire--The Emperor must retake Rome--A Book not Published--Luther's Modesty--Success of the Address. 65

Preparations at Rome--Motives to resist the Papacy--Eck at Rome-- Eck gains the Day--The Pope is the World--God produces the Separation--A Swiss Priest pleads for Luther--The Roman Consistory--Preamble of the Bull--Condemnation of Luther. 74

Wittemberg--Melancthon--His Marriage--Catharine--Domestic Life--Beneficence--Good Humour--Christ and Antiquity--Labour-- Love of Letters--His Mother--Outbreak among the Students. 80

The Gospel in Italy--Discourse on the Mass--The Babylonish Captivity of the Church--Baptism--Abolition of Vows--Progress of the Reformation. 84

New Negotiations--Miltitz and the Augustins of Eisleben-- Deputation to Luther--Miltitz and the Elector--Conference at Lichtemberg--Luther's Letter to the Pope--Book presented to the Pope--Union of the Believer with Christ--Freedom and Bondage. 88

The Bull in Germany--Eck's Reception--The Bull at Wittemberg-- Interposition of Zuinglius. 95

Luther Examines himself in the presence of God--Luther's opinion of the Bull--A Neutral Family--Luther on the Bull, and against the Bull of Antichrist--The Pope prohibits Faith--Effects of the Bull--The Faggot Pile of Louvain. 99

Decisive steps by the Reformer--Luther's Appeal to a General Council--Struggle at close quarters--The Bull burned by Luther-- Meaning of this bold act--Luther in the Academic Chair--Luther against the Pope--New Work by Melancthon--How Luther encourages his Friends--Progress of the Contest--Melancthon's Opinion of the timid--Luther's work on the Bible--Doctrine of Grace-- Luther's Recantation. 104

Luther on Confession--True Absolution--Antichrist--Rally around Luther--Satires--Ulric von Hutten--Lucas Cranach--The Carnival at Wittemberg--Staupitz Intimidated--Luther's Labours--Luther's Humility--Progress of the Reformation. 120

BOOK SEVENTH.

THE DIET OF WORMS.

Conquest by the Word of God--The Diet of Worms--Difficulties-- Charles demands Luther--The Elector to Charles--State of Men's Minds--Aleander's Alarm--The Elector sets out without Luther-- Aleander awakens Rome--Excommunication of the Pope, and Communion with Christ--Fulmination of the Bull--Luther's Motives in the Reformation. 128

A Foreign Prince--Advice of Politicians--Conference between the Confessor and the Elector's Chancellor--Uselessness of these Manoeuvres--Aleander's Activity--Luther's Sayings--Charles gives in to the Pope. 135

Aleander admitted to the Diet--Aleander's Address--Luther accused--Rome defended--Appeal to Charles against Luther-- Effect of the Nuncio's Address. 141

Sentiments of the Princes--Speech of Duke George--Character of the Reformation--A Hundred and one Grievances--Charles Yields-- Tactics of Aleander--The Grandees of Spain--Luther's Peace-- Death and not Retractation. 145

Will a Safe-conduct be given?--Safe-conduct--Will Luther go?-- Holy Thursday at Rome--The Pope and Luther. 151

Departure for the Diet of Worms--Luther's Adieu--His Condemnation Published--Cavalcade near Erfurt--Meeting of Jonas and Luther--Luther in his old Convent--Luther Preaches at Erfurt--Incident--Faith and Works--Concourse of People-- Luther's Courage--Luther to Spalatin--Halt at Frankfort--Fears at Worms--Plan of the Imperialists--Luther's Firmness. 160

Entry into Worms--Chant for the Dead--Council held by Charles V--Capito and the Temporisers--Concourse around Luther-- Citation--Hutten to Luther--Proceeds to the Diet--Saying of Freundsberg--Imposing Assembly--The Chancellor's Address-- Luther's Reply--His Wisdom--Saying of Charles V--Alarm-- Triumph--Luther's Firmness--Insults from the Spaniards-- Council--Luther's Trouble and Prayer--Might of the Reformation--Luther's Oath to Scripture--The Court of the Diet--Luther's Address--Three kinds of Writings--He demands Proof of his Error--Solemn Warnings--He Repeats his Address in Latin--Here I am: I can't do otherwise--The "weakness" of God--New Attempt. 168

Victory--Tumult and Calm--Duke Errick's Glass of Beer--The Elector and Spalatin--Message from the Emperor--Wish to violate the Safe-conduct--Strong Opposition--Enthusiasm for Luther--Voice for Conciliation--The Elector's Fear--Assemblage at Luther's Lodgings--Philip of Hesse. 184

Conference with the Archbishop of Treves--Wehe's Advice to Luther--Luther's Replies--Private Conversation--Visit of Cochloeus--Supper at the Archbishop's--Attempt on the Hotel of Rhodes--A Council proposed--Last Interview between Luther and the Archbishop--Visit to a sick Friend--Luther ordered to quit Worms. 190

Luther's Departure--Journey from Worms--Luther to Cranach-- Luther to Charles V--Luther with the Abbot of Hirschfeld--The Curate of Eisenach--Several Princes leave the Diet--Charles signs Luther's Condemnation--The Edict of Worms--Luther with his Parents--Luther attacked and carried off--The ways of God-- Wartburg--Luther a Prisoner. 198

BOOK EIGHTH.

THE SWISS.

Movements in Switzerland--Source of the Reformation--Democratic Character--Foreign Service--Morality--The Tockenburg--An Alpine Hut--A Pastoral Family. 206

Young Ulric at Wesen--At Bale--At Berne--The Dominican Convent--Jetzer--The Apparitions--The Passion of the Lay Brother--The Imposture--Discovery and Punishment--Zuinglius at Vienna--At Bale--Music at Bale--Wittembach teaches the Gospel--Leo Juda--The Curate of Glaris. 211

Love of War--Schinner--Pension from the Pope--The Labyrinth-- Zuinglius in Italy--Principle of Reform--Zuinglius and Luther-- Zuinglius and Erasmus--Zuinglius and the Elders--Paris and Glaris. 217

Zuinglius in regard to Erasmus--Oswald Myconius--The Vagrants-- OEcolampadius--Zuinglius at Marignan--Zuinglius and Italy-- Method of Zuinglius--Commencement of Reform--Discovery. 223

Meinrad of Hohenzollern--Our Lady of Einsidlen--Calling of Zuinglius--The Abbot--Geroldsek--Companionship in Study--The Bible Copied--Zuinglius and Superstition--First Opposition to Error--Sensation--Hedio--Zuinglius and the Legates--The Honours of Rome--The Bishop of Constance--Samson and Indulgences--Stapfer--Charity of Zuinglius--His Friends. 229

Zurich--The College of Canons--Election to the Cathedral-- Fable's Accusations--Confession of Zuinglius--The Designs of God Unfolded--Farewell to Einsidlen--Arrival at Zurich-- Courageous Declaration of Zuinglius--First Sermons--Effects-- Opposition--Character of Zuinglius--Taste for Music--Arrangement of the Day--Circulation by Hawkers. 237

Indulgences--Samson at Berne--Samson at Baden--The Dean of Bremgarten--Young Henry Bullinger--Samson and the Dean--Internal Struggles of Zuinglius--Zuinglius against Indulgences--Samson Dismissed. 246

The Labours of Zuinglius--The Baths of Pfeffers--God's time--The Great Death--Zuinglius seized with the Plague--His Enemies--His Friends--Convalescence--General Joy--Effect of the Plague-- Myconius at Lucerne--Oswald encourages Zuinglius--Zuinglius at Bale--Capito called to Mentz--Hedio at Bale--An Unnatural Son--Preparation for Battle. 251

The Two Reformers--The Fall of Man--Expiation of the God-Man-- No Merit in Works--Objections refuted--Power of Love to Christ--Election--Christ alone Master--Effects of this Preaching--Despondency and Courage--First Act of the Magistrate--Church and State--Attacks--Galster. 260

A new Combatant--The Reformer of Berne--Zuinglius encourages Haller--The Gospel at Lucerne--Oswald Persecuted--Preaching of Zuinglius--Henry Bullinger and Gerold of Knonau--Rubli at Bale--The Chaplain of the Hospital--War in Italy--Zuinglius-- Foreign Service. 267

Zuinglius against the Precepts of Man--Fermentation during Lent--Truth advances during Combat--The Deputies of the Bishops--Accusation before the Clergy and Council--Appeal to the Great Council--The Coadjutor and Zuinglius--Decree of the Grand Council--State of Matters--Attack by Hoffman. 273

Grief and Joy in Germany--Ambush against Zuinglius--Mandate of the Bishop--Archeteles--The Bishop addresses the Diet-- rohibition to attack the Monks--Declaration of Zuinglius--The Nuns of OEtenbach--Zuinglius' Address to Schwitz. 279

A French Monk--He Teaches in Switzerland--Dispute between the Monk and Zuinglius--Discourse of the Leader of the Johannites-- The Carnival at Berne--The Eaters of the Dead--The Skull of St. Anne--Appenzel--The Grisons--Murder and Adultery-- Marriage of Zuinglius. 284

How Truth Triumphs--Society at Einsidlen--Request to the Bishops--To the Confederates--The Men of Einsidlen Separate--A Scene in a Convent--A Dinner by Myconius--The Strength of the Reformers--Effect of the Petitions to Lucerne-- The Council of the Diet--Haller at the Town-House--Friburg-- Destitution of Oswald--Zuinglius comforts him--Oswald quits Lucerne--First Severity of the Diet--Consternation of the Brothers of Zuinglius--His Resolution--The Future--The Prayer of Zuinglius. 293

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