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CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL HISTORICAL EVENTS HEREIN ALLUDED TO. 1

THE FIRST EMPIRE 123

THE SECOND EMPIRE 140

BIBLIOGRAPHY 345

INDEX 353

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL HISTORICAL EVENTS HEREIN ALLUDED TO.

In his "Petite Revue d'Ex-Libris Alsaciens," Mons. Auguste Stoeber claimed to have discovered an armorial ex-libris which had been engraved for Conrad Wolfhart, of Rouffach, who died in 1561, but the evidence is not conclusive, otherwise this would have been the earliest French book-plate known.

The first English book-plate, that of Sir Nicholas Bacon, was also dated 1574.

FRENCH EX-LIBRIS.

INTRODUCTION.

It is nearly a quarter of a century since Mons. Maurice Tourneux first drew attention to the subject of French book-plates in an article which appeared in "L'Amateur d'Autographes" for April, 1872. This was descriptive of the famous collection of Mons. Agla?s Bouvenne, who is himself the designer of some of the most interesting and artistic of modern French book-plates. Next followed the well-known work of Mons. A. Poulet-Malassis, "Les Ex-Libris Fran?ais," the preface to which is dated January 20th, 1874; a second edition was issued in the following year by P. Rouquette, Paris, 1875. Then, after a long interval, appeared "Les Ex-Libris et les Marques de Possession du Livre," by Henri Bouchot. Paris: Edouard Rouveyre, 1891.

Beyond these, and a few pamphlets descriptive of local collections, such as the "Petite Revue d'Ex-Libris Alsaciens," by Auguste Stoeber, 1881, and some articles by Octave Uzanne in "Le Livre Moderne," comparatively little had been written on the topic until the appearance of the first edition of this work.

Indeed, in his last article in "Le Livre Moderne" , M. Octave Uzanne deplored the want of interest shown by the French authors in this important branch of bibliographical art. From amongst the hundreds of thousands of book-plates known to exist in public and private collections, there would, he said, be no difficulty in selecting sufficient representative examples to form a magnificent "Dictionnaire Illustr? des Ex-Libris." The task must, however, remain unperformed until an author is found possessing not only sufficient taste, skill, and leisure to undertake it, but also ample means to carry it out, for such a work would undoubtedly be costly, and not many publishers would be willing to undertake the risk of producing it.

Hitherto no such collection has been published, either in Great Britain or in France; the nearest approach, in French, being the "Armorial du Bibliophile," by Joannis Guigard, which deals only with the stamps on armorial bookbindings, and the splendid work on German Ex-Libris by Herr Frederic Warnecke, published in Berlin in 1890.

"EX-LIBRIS, mots latins qui signifient litt?ralement des livres, d'entre des livres, faisant partie des livres, avec le nom du propri?taire. Ces mots s'inscrivent ordinairement en t?te de chaque volume d'une biblioth?que avec la signature du propri?taire. On connait ce trait d'ignorance d'un financier, homme d'ordre avant tout, qui avait ordonn? ? son chapelier de coller soigneusement au fond de son chapeau 'Ex-Libris Vaudore.'"

It will be noticed that Latin gradually gave way to the French language, and on more modern plates French expressions are usually employed. "Je suis ? Jean Tommins" and "J'appartiens ? Lucien Werner" have a distinct character of their own. "Ce livre est du Monast?re de la visitation de Sainte Marie de Clermont" , or "Ce livre fait partie de la Biblioth?que de M. le Comte de Fortia d'Urban, demeurant ? Paris, Chauss?e d'Antin, rue de la Rochefoucault," are clear and positive statements of fact. Other collectors are less explicit, simply inserting: "Biblioth?que de Pastoret," "Biblioth?que de Rosny," "De la Biblioth?que de M. le Chevalier Dampoigne," "Du Cabinet de Messire Barthelemy Gabriel Rolland."

That this is the well-understood rule is borne out in the very opening sentences of the charming little brochure, "Petite Revue d'Ex-Libris Alsaciens," by the late Mons. Auguste Stoeber : "Lorsque, encore assis sur les bancs de l'?cole, nous tracions, d'une main peu exerc?e, sur la garde de nos livres de classe notre nom accompagn? de ce verset enfantin:

Ce livre est ? moi, Comme Paris est au roi; Qui veut savoir mon nom, Regarde dans ce rond,

Aspice Pierrot pendu, Quod librum n'a pas rendu. Pierrot pendu non fuisset Si librum reddidisset.

The earliest known examples of ex-libris are German, and the custom of using them originated no doubt in that country, where costly bindings, with arms emblazoned on the covers, as in France and Italy, were seldom indulged in.

Earliest in the field in the art of printing, and prolific in book-making, the Germans never attached very particular importance to elegant and sumptuous bindings.

Valuing their books for their intrinsic, rather than extrinsic merits, they covered them with good stout wooden boards and strong metal clasps, and soon discovered that a printed label, or a rough woodcut of a coat-of-arms, was as useful a mode of proclaiming the ownership of a volume as the showy, but costly, system of heraldic emblazoning in gold, silver, and colours, adopted by their more luxurious neighbours.

Hence it is not so very uncommon to find German ex-libris dated in the early years of the sixteenth century, whereas the earliest known French plate is of a much later date. In fact, no French ex-libris of undoubted authenticity has been discovered with an earlier date than 1574, a memorable year for collectors, as being that which is also found on the earliest known English plate, the fine armorial of Sir Nicholas Bacon, a facsimile of which will be found in Mr. Griggs's valuable collection of "Examples of Armorial Book-Plates," 1884.

Unfortunately, the first French dated ex-libris is nothing more than a plain label printed with movable type, and bearing the inscription: "Ex Bibliothec? Caroli Albosii E. Eduensis. Ex labore quies. 1574."

Now, with the exception of the dated autographs of owners of books, with which we are not here dealing, this ex-libris of the book collector of Autun is the earliest dated example of a French mark of possession which has yet been found affixed to the interior of a book in any French library.

It may well be, however, that this was not actually the first ex-libris employed in France, for there exist, in collections of old engravings, many nameless coats-of-arms emblazoned by French artists in the sixteenth century, the origin and use of which are doubtful, and may remain unrecognized for ever.

Alexandre Bouchart was councillor in the parliament of Rouen; he died some time before 1622. His ex-libris was found fixed on the cover of a copy of the works of Ptolemy in the Biblioth?que Nationale in Paris. The "Ptolemy" was printed in Amsterdam, 1605, folio.

This engraving is exceedingly valuable on account of its rarity, its early date, the beauty of its design, and the simplicity and purity of its heraldry. M. Henri Bouchot gives a reproduction of it in his work on "Les Ex-Libris" , but as it is only a quarter the size of the original, and is not clearly printed, it gives but a faint idea of the beauty of the work. This is, according to the most recent investigation, the next French plate to that of Charles Ailleboust d'Autun, in order of date as actually printed or engraved on the ex-libris itself, and of unquestionable authenticity.

An account of this plate was furnished to the "Journal de la Soci?t? d'Arch?ologie Lorraine" , by M. Beaupr?, and Poulet-Malassis also mentions it, but at second-hand, as he had not seen it, and he gives the date incorrectly as 1611. It is not signed, but has been attributed to Jacques Callot and, with more probability, to Jacques Bellange.

The early printers left blanks for initials and illuminations, which were afterwards filled in, freehand, by the artists who had hitherto been employed to illuminate the manuscripts, their services were thus in greater demand than ever. Most of the early printed books were heavy folios, and were sumptuously bound, the arms of the owners being grandly emblazoned in the centre of the side boards; generally with some cipher, flower, or monogram in the corners, and the monogram, or one of the principal charges of the shield, repeated between each band on the back. The present custom of ranging books closely in cases, with only their backs in view, was not suitable for these ponderous tomes. Some of the more ordinary works were placed loosely in open cases round the library, with their fore-edges towards the reader, but the valuable books were fully displayed on long tables or counters, of the right height for a reader to stand at and turn them over without fatigue. Thus the beauty of the binding was seen at once, and must have been so fearfully tantalizing to the visiting bibliomaniac, that the owners often thought it advisable to chain their volumes in their places. With these, as with the manuscripts, and for similar reasons, the use of ex-libris long appeared unnecessary, which accounts for their somewhat late adoption in France; the marks of ownership are on the bindings themselves, the lovely productions of the early masters of bibliopegy, whose elegance and style modern binders vainly attempt to imitate, and cannot excel.

To collect early bindings is a noble hobby, but one which is, and ever must remain, the hobby of a few wealthy collectors, whereas the collection of ex-libris was, until quite recently, a taste requiring patience and skill rather than a well-filled purse.

Styles and periods in French ex-libris are not nearly so well defined, nor so easily recognized, as they are in British plates by the simple terms we use, such as Early English, Jacobean, Chippendale, wreath and ribbon, book-pile, library interior, etc.

French military plates are often decorated with flags, cannon, and fine trophies of arms, but book-piles and library interiors are somewhat uncommon, as are also early plates containing the portraits of their owners.

One of the earliest portrait plates is that of Amy Lamy, with the motto "Usque ad aras," probably engraved by some pupil of Thomas de Leu, of which the date is doubtful.

Another, and of greater interest, is that of the famous critic, the Abb? Desfontaines , a fine engraving by Schmit, after Tocqu?, representing Petr. Fr. Guyot Desfontaines presb. Rothomag., with the following lines:

Dum te Phoebus amat scribentem, Moevius odit, Et lepidis salibus maeret inepta cohors.

Which a French admirer translates thus:

Ch?ri du dieu des arts, craint et ha? des sots, L'Ignorance en courroux fr?mit de ses bons mots.

The collector must be on his guard against modern reprints from old plates, or ex-libris printed from re-engraved copper plates.

French collectors will commission engravers to copy rare old plates rather than be without examples of them in their albums; this they do openly and acknowledge frankly; but it is sometimes otherwise with the men whom they employ. They work off a number of copies for sale, mix them up with a parcel of genuine ex-libris, and so deceive the unwary collector.

The British collector will not find it easy to add much to his store in Paris, unless he is prepared to pay prices quite out of proportion to those usually charged for plates in this country.

In the first place, it is almost a waste of time to ask for ex-libris in any of the ordinary second-hand book shops; the books are all fairly well gleaned before reaching there, by individuals who collect the ex-libris for certain dealers who make a speciality of them. These dealers are not very numerous, they are all well known to the French collectors, and they have standing orders to reserve all their finest specimens for these regular customers. Consequently the stray passer-by, or the unfortunate foreigner, has little chance of picking up any but common or uninteresting plates.

The French take considerable interest in the historical, antiquarian, and literary associations of their country, and there are many enthusiastic collectors of ex-libris in France; it was therefore somewhat remarkable that a society of collectors was not formed at least as early in Paris as ours was in London. At length, however, the topic was broached by Dr. Louis Bouland in a letter published in "La Curiosit? Universelle" on March 14, 1892, No. 269, from which the following are extracts:

"In No. 266 of 'La Curiosit? Universelle' I pointed out the advantages and pleasures to be derived from the formation of a Society of Collectors of Ex-Libris. I then mentioned that I should be pleased to correspond with collectors who might be willing to form the nucleus of such a society, and I have already received many promises of support.

"Those who have written to me are of the opinion, in which I concur, that the best way to arrive at a practical result would be to constitute a society to which each member should pay a subscription, the funds thus obtained being employed in printing and publishing a small independent journal.

"To achieve this result some one must take the initiative, write to the collectors, and call a preliminary meeting.

"I am quite willing to do this, and ask the support of all my brother collectors, to whom I offer the use of my rooms for their first meeting.

"They have but to write to me, and if they only take as much interest in the scheme as I do, it must be a success."

At first the efforts of Dr. Bouland did not meet with much encouragement, and for a whole year he was striving to start the society. At length the first meeting was held at his house on the 30th April, 1893, when a committee was appointed, the rules were drawn up, and the society definitely formed. That Dr. Bouland should have been elected its president was a compliment which was due to him as its founder, but those who have the honour of his acquaintance well know that he also merited the distinction on account of his learning, his researches in all branches of bibliographical lore, his tastes for heraldry and art, and his ardour as a book-plate collector.

IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION.

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