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Transcriber's Note
AN OUTLINE OF ENGLISH SPEECH-CRAFT
BY WILLIAM BARNES, B.D.
LONDON C. KEGAN PAUL & CO., 1 PATERNOSTER SQUARE 1878
FORE-SAY.
This little book was not written to win prize or praise; but it is put forth as one small trial, weak though it may be, towards the upholding of our own strong old Anglo-Saxon speech, and the ready teaching of it to purely English minds by their own tongue.
I have tried to teach English by English, and so have given English words for most of the lore-words , as I believe they would be more readily and more clearly understood, and, since we can better keep in mind what we do than what we do not understand, they would be better remembered. There is, in the learning of that charmingly simple and yet clear speech, pure Persian, now much mingled with Arabic, a saddening check; for no sooner does a learner come to the time-words than he is told that he should learn, what is then put before him, an outline of Arabic Grammar. And there are tokens that, ere long, the English youth will want an outline of the Greek and Latin tongues ere he can well understand his own speech.
I have tried, as I have given some so-thought truths of English speech, to give the causes of them, and hope that the little book may afford a few glimpses of new insight into our fine old Anglo-Saxon tongue.
To any friend who has ever asked me whether I do not know some other tongues beside English, my answer has been 'No; I do not know English itself.' How many men do? And how should I know all of the older English, and the mighty wealth of English words which the English Dialect Society have begun to bring forth; words that are not all of them other shapes of our words of book-English, or words of their very meanings, but words of meanings which dictionaries of book-English should, but cannot give, and words which should be taken in hundreds into our Queen's English? If a man would walk with me through our village, I could show him many things of which we want to speak every day, and for which we have words of which Johnson knew nothing.
Some have spoken of cultivated languages as differing from uncultivated ones, and of the reducing of a speech to a grammatical form.
King Finow, of the Tonga Islands, gave a fine speech, as Mr. Mariner tells us, at his coming to the throne; and it may be well said that he made it, as he had made it in thought, ere he came to the meeting.
What is meant by the reducing of a speech to a grammatical form, or to grammar, is not very clear. If a man would write a grammar of a speech, of which there is yet none, what could he do but show it forth as it is in the shape which its best speakers over the land hold to be its best? To hold that a tongue had no shape, or a bad one, ere a grammar of it was written, seems much like saying that a man had no face, or a bad one, till his likeness was taken.
HEADS OF MATTER.
PAGE
Free Breathings 1
Breath-pennings 2
Word-strain and Speech-strain 3
Thing-names 4
Thing-sundrinesses 4
Thing Mark-words: Sex 5 Kindred 5 Size 5 Tale 6-9
Outshowing Mark-words 10, 12
Persons 11
Suchness 12
Pitches of Suchness 13
Time-taking and Time-words 14
Intransitive 14
Transitive 15
Cause Time-takings 15
Time-giving 15
Strong and Weak Time-words 18-26
Sundriness of Time-taking 26
Person, Tale, Mood, Time 27, 30
Historic Time-wording 30
Case 31
Way-marks and Stead-marks 33
Thought-wording, Speech-wording 35
Twin Time-takings 35
Speech-trimming 36
Miswording 36-42
Word-sameness 38
Odd Wordshapes 42, 43
Wordiness 44
Hard Breathing 44
Mark Time-words 45
Words of Speech-craft, and others 47
Power of the Word-endings 83
Goodness of a Speech 86
SPEECH-CRAFT.
Speech is the speaking or bewording of thoughts, and is of sundry kinds of words.
Speech is of breath-sounds with sundry breathings, hard or mild, and breath-pennings, which become words.
Besides this open speech-breathing there are two kinds of breath-penning.
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