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Editor: Arthur Mee J. A. Hammerton
THE WORLD'S GREATEST BOOKS
JOINT EDITORS
ARTHUR MEE Editor and Founder of the Book of Knowledge
J. A. HAMMERTON Editor of Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia
VOL. XX
MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE
INDEX
WM. H. WISE & CO.
ADDISON, JOSEPH PAGE Spectator 1
AESOP Fables 10
ARNOLD, MATTHEW Essays in Criticism 18
BRANDES, GEORGE Main Currents of Nineteenth Century Literature 31
BURTON, ROBERT Anatomy of Melancholy 41
CARLYLE, THOMAS On Heroes and Hero Worship 50 Sartor Resartus 61
CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS Concerning Friendship 70
COBBETT, WILLIAM Advice to Young Men 78
DEFOE, DANIEL Journal of the Plague Year 90
DESMOSTHENES Philippics 99
EMERSON, RALPH WALDO English Traits 109 Representative Men 118
ERASMUS Familiar Colloquies 126 In Praise of Folly 132
GESTA ROMANORUM 140
GOLDSMITH, OLIVER Citizen of the World 149
HALLAM, HENRY Introduction to the Literature of Europe 158
HAZLITT, WILLIAM Lectures on the English Poets 169
HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table 181
LA BRUY?RE Characters 193
LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE Imaginary Conversations 203
LA ROCHEFOUCAULD Reflections and Moral Maxims 215
LEONARDO DA VINCI Treatise on Painting 227
LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM Laocoon 239
MILL, JOHN STUART Essay on Liberty 248
MILTON, JOHN Areopagitica 257
PLUTARCH Parallel Lives 266
STA?L, MME. DE On Germany 276
TACITUS Germania 286
TAINE History of English Literature 298
THOREAU, HENRY DAVID Walden 312
TOCQUEVILLE, DE Democracy in America 324
WALTON, IZAAK Complete Angler 334
INDEX 349
Miscellaneous
JOSEPH ADDISON
The Spectator
"The Spectator," the most popular and elegant miscellany of English literature, appeared on the 1st of March, 1711. With an interruption of two years--1712 to 1714--during part of which time "The Guardian," a similar periodical, took its place, "The Spectator" was continued to the 20th of December, 1714. Addison's fame is inseparably associated with this periodical. He was the animating spirit of the magazine, and by far the most exquisite essays which appear in it are by him. Richard Steele, Addison's friend and coadjutor in "The Spectator," was born in Dublin in March, 1672, and died at Carmarthen on September 1, 1729.
Addison's "Spectator" is one of the most interesting books in the English language. When Dr. Johnson praised Addison's prose, it was specially of "The Spectator" that he was speaking. "His page," he says, "is always luminous, but never blazes in unexpected splendour. His sentences have neither studied amplitude nor affected brevity; his periods, though not diligently rounded, are voluble and easy. Whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his days and nights to Addison."
Johnson's verdict has been upheld, for it is chiefly by "The Spectator" that Addison lives. None but scholars know his Latin verse and his voluminous translations now. His "Cato" survives only in some half-dozen occasional quotations. Two or three hymns of his, including "The spacious firmament on high," and "When all Thy mercies, O my God," find a place in church collections; and his simile of the angel who rides upon the whirlwind and directs the storm is used now and again by pressmen and public speakers. But, in the main, when we think of Addison, it is of "The Spectator" that we think.
Recall the time when it was founded. It was in the days of Queen Anne, the Augustan age of the essay. There were no newspapers then, no magazines or reviews, no Parliamentary reports, nothing corresponding to the so-called "light literature" of later days. The only centres of society that existed were the court, with the aristocracy that revolved about it, and the clubs and coffee-houses, in which the commercial and professional classes met to discuss matters of general interest, to crack their jokes, and to exchange small talk about this, that and the other person, man or woman, who might happen to figure, publicly or privately, at the time. "The Spectator" was one of the first organs to give form and consistency to the opinion, the humour and the gossip engendered by this social contact.
One of the first, but not quite the first; for the less famous, though still remembered, "Tatler" preceded it. And these two, "The Tatler" and "The Spectator," have an intimate connection from the circumstance that Richard Steele, who started "The Tatler" in April, 1709, got Addison to write for it, and then joined with Addison in "The Spectator" when his own paper stopped in January, 1711. Addison and Steele had been friends since boyhood. They were contemporaries at the Charterhouse, and Steele often spent his holidays in the parsonage of Addison's father.
The two friends were a little under forty years of age when "The Spectator" began in March, 1711. It was a penny paper, and was published daily, its predecessor having been published three times a week. It began with a circulation of 3,000 copies, and ran up to about 10,000 before it stopped its daily issue in December, 1712. Macaulay, writing in 1843, insists upon the sale as "indicating a popularity quite as great as that of the most successful works of Scott and Dickens in our time." The 555 numbers of the daily issue formed seven volumes; and then there was a final eighth volume, made up of triweekly issues: a total of 635 numbers, of which Addison wrote 274, and Steele 236.
For here is no newspaper, as we understand the term. "The Spectator" from the first indulged his humours at the expense of the quidnuncs. Says he:
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