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DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSES OF PIANO WORKS

FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS, PLAYERS, AND MUSIC CLUBS

BY EDWARD BAXTER PERRY

PHILADELPHIA THEODORE PRESSER CO. LONDON, WEEKES & CO.

Printed in the United States of America

My Keys

To no crag-crowning castle above the wild main, To no bower of fair lady or villa in Spain; To no deep, hidden vaults where the stored jewels shine, Or the South's ruddy sunlight is prisoned in wine; To no gardens enchanted where nightingales sing, And the flowers of all climes breathe perpetual spring: To none of all these They give access, my keys, My magical ebon and ivory keys.

But to temples sublime, where music is prayer, To the bower of a goddess supernally fair; To the crypts where the ages their mysteries keep, Where the sorrows and joys of earth's greatest ones sleep; Where the wine of emotion a life's thirst may still, And the jewels of thought gleam to light at my will: To more than all these They give access, my keys, My magical ebon and ivory keys.

To bright dreams of the past in locked cells of the mind, To the tombs of dead joys in their beauty enshrined; To the chambers where love's recollections are stored, And the fanes where devotion's best homage is poured; To the cloudland of hope, where the dull mist of tears As the rainbow of promise illumined appears; To all these, when I please, They give access, my keys, My magical ebon and ivory keys.

Only an Interpreter

The world will still go on the very same When the last feeble echo of my name Has died from out men's listless hearts and ears These many years.

Its tides will roll, its suns will rise and set, When mine, through twilight portals of regret, Has passed to quench its pallid, parting light In rayless night,

While o'er my place oblivion's tide will sweep To whelm my deeds in silence dark and deep, The triumphs and the failures, ill and good, Beneath its flood.

Then other, abler men will serve the Art I strove to serve with singleness of heart; Will wear her thorned laurels on the brow, As I do now.

I shall not care to ask whose fame is first, Or feel the fever of that burning thirst To win her warmest smile, nor count the cost Whate'er be lost.

As I have striven, they will strive to rise To hopeless heights, where that elusive prize, The unattainable ideal, gleams Through waking dreams.

But I shall sleep, a sleep secure, profound, Beyond the reach of blame, or plaudits' sound; And who stands high, who low, I shall not know: 'Tis better so.

For what the gain of all my toilsome years, Of all my ceaseless struggles, secret tears? My best, more brief than frailest summer flower, Dies with the hour.

My most enduring triumphs swifter pass Than fairy frost-wreaths from the window glass: The master but of moments may not claim A deathless name.

Mine but the task to lift, a little space, The mystic veil from beauty's radiant face That other men may joy thereon to see, Forgetting me.

Not mine the genius to create the forms Which stand serenely strong, thro' suns and storms, While passing ages praise that power sublime Defying time.

Mine but the transient service of a day, Scant praise, too ready blame, and meager pay: No matter, though with hunger at the heart I did my part.

I dare not call my labor all in vain, If I but voice anew one lofty strain: The faithful echo of a noble thought With good is fraught.

For some it cheers upon life's weary road, And some hearts lightens of their bitter load, Which might have missed the message in the din Of strife and sin.

My lavished life-blood warmed and woke again The still, pale children of another's brain, Brimmed full the forms which else were cold, Tho' fair of mold.

And thro' their lips my spirit spoke to men Of higher hopes, of courage under pain, Of worthy aspirations, fearless flight To reach the light.

Then, soul of mine, content thee with thy fate, Though noble niche of fame and guerdon great Be not for thee: thy modest task was sweet At beauty's feet.

The Artist passes like a swift-blown breeze, Or vapors floating up from summer seas; But Art endures as long as life and love: For her I strove.

Contents

PAGE Introduction, 11 Esthetic versus Structural Analysis, 15 Sources of Information Concerning Musical Compositions, 23 Traditional Beethoven Playing, 32 Beethoven: The Moonlight Sonata, Op. 27, No. 2, 45 Beethoven: Sonata Path?tique, Op. 13, 50 Beethoven: Sonata in A Flat Major, Op. 26, 55 Beethoven: Sonata in D Minor, Op. 31, No. 2, 61 Beethoven: Sonata in C Major, Op. 53, 64 Beethoven: Sonata in E Minor, Op. 90, 68 Beethoven: Music to "The Ruins of Athens," 72 Weber: Invitation to the Dance, Op. 65, 81 Weber: Rondo in E Flat, Op. 62, 86 Weber: Concertst?ck, in F Minor, Op. 79, 90 Weber-Kullak: L?tzow's Wilde Jagd, Op. 111, No. 4, 93 Schubert: Theme and Variations, Op. 142, No. 3, 99 Emotion in Music, 105 Chopin: Sonata, B Flat, Op. 35, 113 The Chopin Ballades, 118 Chopin: Ballade in G Minor, Op. 23, 123 Chopin: Ballade in F Major, Op. 38, 130 Chopin: Ballade in A Flat, Op. 47, 137 Chopin: Polonaise, A Flat Major, Op. 53, 142 Chopin: Impromptu in A Flat, Op. 29, 147 Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu, Op. 66, 149 Chopin: Tarantelle, A Flat, Op. 43, 152 Chopin: Berceuse, Op. 57, 156 Chopin: Scherzo in B Flat Minor, Op. 31, 158 Chopin: Prelude, Op. 28, No. 15, 161 Chopin: Waltz, A Flat, Op. 42, 168 Chopin's Nocturnes, 172 Chopin: Nocturne in E Flat, Op. 9, No. 2, 174 Chopin: Nocturne, Op. 27, No. 2, 176 Chopin: Nocturne, Op. 32, No. 1, 179 Chopin: Nocturne, Op. 37, No. 1, 183 Chopin: Nocturne, Op. 37, No. 2, 186 Chopin: Polish Songs, Transcribed for Piano by Franz Liszt, 191 Liszt: Poetic and Religious Harmonies, No. 3, Book 2, 194 Liszt: First Ballade, 199 Liszt: Second Ballade, 201 Transcriptions for the Piano by Liszt, 203 Wagner-Liszt: Spinning Song from "The Flying Dutchman," 205 Wagner-Liszt: Tannh?user March, 208 Wagner-Liszt: Abendstern, 209 Wagner-Liszt: Isolde's Love Death, 210 Schubert-Liszt: Der Erlk?nig, 213 Schubert-Liszt: Hark! Hark! the Lark, 216 Schubert-Liszt: Gretchen am Spinnrad, 217 Liszt: La Gondoliera, 219 The Music of the Gipsies and Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsodies, 222 Rubinstein: Barcarolle, G Major, 237 Rubinstein: Kamennoi-Ostrow, No. 22, 241 Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite, Op. 46, 247 Grieg: An den Fr?hling, Op. 43, No. 6, 257 Grieg: V?glein, Op. 43, No. 4, 260 Grieg: Berceuse, Op. 38, No. 1, 261 Grieg: The Bridal Procession, from "Aus dem Volksleben," Op. 19, No. 2, 264 Saint-Sa?ns: Le Rouet d'Omphale, 271 Saint-Sa?ns: Danse Macabre, 276 Counterparts among Poets and Musicians, 281

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSES OF PIANO WORKS

Introduction

The material comprised in the following pages has been collected for use in book form by the advice and at the earnest request of the publisher, as well as of many musical friends, who express the belief that it is of sufficient value and interest to merit a certain degree of permanency, and will prove of practical aid to teachers and students of music. A portion of it has already appeared in print in the program books of the Derthick Musical Literary Society and in different musical journals; and nearly all of it has been used at various times in my own Lecture Recitals.

The book is merely a compilation of what have seemed the most interesting and valuable results of my thought, reading, and research in connection with my Lecture Recital work during the past twenty years.

In the intensely busy life of a concert pianist a systematic and exhaustive study of the whole broad field of piano literature has been utterly impossible. That would require the exclusive devotion of a lifetime at least. My efforts have been necessarily confined strictly to such compositions as came under my immediate attention in connection with my own work as player.

The effect is a seemingly desultory and haphazard method in the study, and an inadequacy and incoherency in the collective result, which no one can possibly realize or deplore so fully as myself. Still the work is a beginning, a first pioneer venture into a realm which I believe to be not only new, but rich and important. I can only hope that the example may prompt others, with more leisure and ability, to follow in the path I have blazed, to more extensive explorations and more complete results.

Well-read musicians will find in these pages much that they have learned before from various scattered sources. Naturally so. I have not originated my facts or invented my legends. They are common property for all who will but seek. I have merely collected, arranged, and, in many instances, translated them into English. I claim no monopoly. On the other hand, they may find some things they have not previously known. In such cases I venture to suggest to the critically and incredulously inclined, that this does not prove their inaccuracy, though some have seemed to fancy that it did. Not to know a thing does not always conclusively demonstrate that it is not so.

To the general reader let me say that this book represents the best thought and effort of my professionally unoccupied hours during the past twenty years. It comes to you with my heart in it, bringing the wish that the material here collected may be to you as interesting and helpful as it has been to me in the gathering. The actual writing has mainly been done on trains, or in lonely hotel rooms far from books of reference, or aids of any kind; so occasional inexactitudes of data or detail are by no means improbable, when my only resource was the memory of something read, or of personal conversation often years before. With the limited time at my disposal, a detailed revision is not practicable, and I therefore present the articles as originally written. Take and use what seems of value, and the rest pass by.

The plan and purpose of the book rest simply upon the theory that the true interpretation of music depends not only on the player's possession of a correct insight into the form and harmonic structure of a given composition, but also on the fullest obtainable knowledge concerning the circumstances and environment of its origin, and the conditions governing the composer's life at the time, as well as any historical or legendary matter which may have served him as inspiration or suggestion.

My reason for now presenting it to the public is the same as that which has caused me to devote my professional life exclusively to the Lecture Recital--namely, because experience has proved to me that a knowledge of the poetic and dramatic content of a musical work is of immense value to the player in interpretation, and to the listener in comprehension and enjoyment of any composition, and because, except in scattered fragments, no information of just this character exists elsewhere in print.

It being, as explained, impossible to make this collection of analyses complete, or even approximately so, it has seemed wise to limit the number here included to just fifty, so as to keep the book to a convenient size. I have endeavored to select those covering as large a range and variety as possible, with the view of making them as broadly helpful and suggestive as may be.

It is my intention to continue my labors along this line so far as strength and opportunity permit, in the faith that I can devote my efforts to no more useful end.

Esthetic versus Structural Analysis

Knowledge of and insight into musical form are necessary to the player, but not to the listener, even for the highest artistic appreciation and enjoyment, just as the knowledge of colors and their combination is essential to the painter, but not to the beholder. The poet must understand syntax and prosody, the technic of rhyme-making and verse-formation; but how many of his readers could analyze correctly from that standpoint the poem they so much enjoy, or give the scientific names for the literary devices employed? Or how many of them would care to hear it done, or be the better for it if they did? The public expects results, not rules or formulas; effects, not explanations of stage machinery; food and stimulus for the intellect, the emotions, the imagination, not recipes of how they are prepared.

The value of esthetic analysis is undeniably great in rendering this food and stimulus, contained in every good composition, more easily accessible and more readily assimilated, by a judicious selection and partial predigestion, so to speak, of the different artistic elements in a given work, and a certain preparation of the listener to receive them. This is, of course, especially true in the case of the young, and those of more advanced years, to whom, owing to lack of training and opportunity, musical forms of expression are somewhat unfamiliar; or, in other words, those to whom the musical idiom is still more or less strange. But there are also very many musicians of established position who are sorely in need of something of the kind to awaken them to a perception of other factors in musical art besides sensuous beauty and the display of skill; to develop their imaginative and poetic faculties, in which both their playing and theories prove them to be deficient; and the more loudly they cry against it as useless and illegitimate, the more palpably self-evident becomes their own crying need of it.

Esthetic analysis consists in grasping clearly the essential artistic significance of a composition, its emotional or descriptive content, either with or without the aid of definite knowledge concerning the circumstances of its origin, and expressing it plainly in a few simple, well-chosen words, comprehensible by the veriest child in music, whether young or old in years, conveying in a direct, unmistakable, and concrete form the same general impressions which the composition, through all its elaborations and embellishments, all its manifold collateral suggestions, is intended to convey, giving a skeleton, not of its form, but of its subject-matter, so distinctly articulated that the most untrained perceptions shall be able to recognize to what genus it belongs.

Of course, when it is possible, as it is in many cases, to obtain and give reliable data concerning the conception and birth of a musical work, the actual historical or traditional material, or the personal experience, which furnished its inspiration, the impulse which led to its creation, it is of great assistance and value; and this is especially so when the work is distinctly descriptive of external scenes or human actions. For example, take the Schubert-Liszt "Erlk?nig." Here the elements embodied are those of tempest and gloom, of shuddering terror, of eager pursuit and panic-stricken flight, ending in sudden, surprised despair. These may be vaguely felt by the listener when the piece is played, with varying intensity according to his musical susceptibility; but if the legend of the "Erlk?nig," or "Elf-king," is narrated and attention directly called to the various descriptive features of the work,--the gallop of the horse, the rush and roar of the tempest through the depths of the Black Forest, the seductive insistence and relentless pursuit of the elf-king, the father's mad flight, the shriek of the child, and the final tragic ending, all so distinctly suggested in the music,--the impression is intensified tenfold, rendered more precise and definite; and the undefined sensations produced by the music are focused at once into a positive, complete, artistic effect.

Who can doubt that this is an infinite gain to the listener and to art? Again, take an instance selected from a large number of compositions which are purely emotional, with no kind of realistic reference to nature or action, the Revolutionary Etude, by Chopin, Opus 10, No. 12. The emotional elements here expressed are fierce indignation, vain but desperate struggle, wrathful despair. These are easily recognized by the trained esthetic sense. Indeed, the work cannot be properly rendered by one who does not feel them in playing it; and they can be eloquently described in a general way by one possessing a little gift of language and some imagination; but many persons find it hard to grasp abstract emotions without a definite assignable cause for them, and are incalculably aided if told that the study was written as the expression of Chopin's feelings, and those of every Polish patriot, on receipt of the news that Warsaw had been taken and sacked by the Russians.

Where such data cannot be found concerning a composition, one can make the content of a work fairly clear by means of description, of analogy and comparison, by the use of poetic metaphor and simile, by little imaginative word-pictures, embodying the same general impression; by any means, in short,--any and all are legitimate,--which will produce the desired result, namely: to concentrate the attention of the student or the listener on the most important elements in a composition, to show him what to listen for and what to expect; to prepare him fully to receive and respond to the proper impression, to tune up his esthetic nature to the required key, so it may re-echo the harmonious soul-utterances of the Master, as the horn-player breathes through his instrument before using it, to warm it, to bring it up to pitch, to put it in the right vibratory condition.

The plan of esthetic analysis, in more or less complete form, was used by nearly all of the great teachers, such as Liszt, Kullak, Frau Schumann, and others, and was a very important factor in their instruction. It was used by all the great writers on music who were at the same time eminent musicians, like Liszt, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Wagner, Berlioz, Ehrlich, and many more. Surely, with such examples as precedents, not to mention other good and sufficient grounds, we may feel safe in pursuing it to the best of our ability, in print, in the teaching-room, in the concert-hall, whenever and wherever it will contribute to the increase of general musical interest and intelligence, in spite of the outcries of the so-called "purists," who see and would have us see in musical art only sensuous beauty and the perfection of form, with possibly the addition of, as they might put it, a certain ethereal, spiritual, indefinable something, too sacred to be talked about, too transcendental to be expressed in language, too lofty and pure to be degraded to the level of human speech.

Musicians are many who see in their mistress But physical beauty of "color" and "form," Who hear in her voice but a sensuous sweetness, No thrill of the heart that is living and warm.

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