Read Ebook: The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Conteined in foure severall Tretises The first of water workes The second of Fyer workes The third of Drawing Colouring Painting and Engraving The fourth of divers Experiments as wel serviceable as delightful: partly Collec by Bate John

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THE MYSTERYES OF NATVRE AND ART

Now my chiefest ayme and end being the generall good, I could wish a generall acceptance, but that is too uncertaine to expect: I will content my selfe that I am already certaine that these my first and weak endeavours will finde acceptance with some, and I hope also with all honest and indifferent Readers; as for others, hap as hap may be, it is not to be doubted, but that I shall scape as well as many my betters have done before me. Farewell.

To my friend the Authour, upon his Mysteries of Nature and Art.

R. O.

The order of the things contayned in the first booke.

Of Water-workes.

Take any vessell, of what bignes you please, fill it with water, then take a Crane one end wherof, let be somewhat longer then the other; put the shorter end of it into the vessell of water, and let the longer end hang out of the vessell, unto which longer end, put your mouth, and draw in your breath, and the water will follow; then withdraw your mouth, and you shall see the water runne so long, till it come equall to that end of the Cane which is within the vessell.

Take a deep vessel, having two loopes on one of the sides, fill it nigh full with water: then take a hollow Cane, like unto the aforesayd, but let there bee fastned unto the shorter end a wooden dish; put the longer end heereof through the loopes on the side, and that end that hath the dish fastned unto it into the vessell of water, with your mouth as you did in the former, draw out the ayre, and you shall see that as the water runneth out, the Crane will sinke lower and lower, and so will continue running untill the vessell bee drawen empty.

Make, or cause a pot to bee made of what fashion best liketh your mind, and make a large hollow cane to stand up in the midst thereof; having at the bottome 2 or 3 small holes; let the top of this cane be close: then make a hole in the bottome of the vessell, and put up a little cane hollow at both ends, into the other cane, so that the one end therof may almost touch the top of the great cane, and it is done. Note, that if you put into this vessel so much liquor, that it swimme above the top of the cane, it will of its owne accord, run and never cease so long as there is any liquor in the vessell; but if you fill it below the cane, it will not run at all of it selfe: the reason whereof is this; the ayre being the lighter element, doth ascend into the higher place, but being drawne as in the two first demonstrations out of the Crane, or forced, as in this, by the weight of the water in the vessell, the water then tendeth downewards unto its proper place.

Let A, B, C, D, be the foot, at each end whereof, place a vessell equall in bignesse, the one to the other; as D, E; also let there passe a hollow cane from the one to the other, as A, R, A, the ends whereof must almost touch the tops of the sayde vessels; in the vessell D, there must bee a hollow pipe, as F, whereby you may by help of a tunnel powr water into the vessell: also in the vessell E, there must be a crane, as G; now if you fill the vessel E with wine almost unto the top of the crane, and afterwards stoppe the mouth of the vessell, that the ayre may not breath foorth, it will not run of it selfe: but if you put water into the vessell D, the ayre contayned in it, will passe through the hollow pipe, A, R, A, into the vessel E, where striving for a greater quantity of roome, it presseth the wine out of the vessell E, answerable in quantity unto the water powred into the vessell D.

Let there bee 2 vessels placed upon one foot, having a hollow cane passing from one to the other but let there bee 2 cranes as F, G, one in each vessell; then fill one of the vessels with wine, but not above the crane, so it will not runne of it selfe: but if you powre water into the other vessell, untill it bee full, it will cause that wine shall runne out of the one, and cleare water out of the other.

Let A, B, C, D, bee a vessell having a partition in the middle, as E, F, let there be placed upon this vessell, a Cylinder of Glasse cleare, and very transparant, that will contayne the same quantity of water, that one of the partitions will, as I, G, H; in the lowermost partition towards the bottome, let there bee a cocke, and out of the same vessell let two pipes be made to passe, the one wherof reacheth almost unto the top of the Cylinder, the other must come out by the side of the Cylinder: also out of the upper partition there must come another pipe. Moreover there must be a hole, through the top of the uppermost partition as Y. Fill the lower partition at the pipe, also the upper partition by the hole Y: note then that if you turn the cocke as the water runneth out of the lower partition, the water contained in the upper partition wil ascend throgh the pipe into the glasse Cylinder. When all the water in the lower partition is runne out at the cocke, then the water which before did ascend into the Cylinder, will fall backe againe into the upper partition: after this manner may you compose an artificiall water clocke, if you note the howres upon the Cylinder, and make the cocke after such manner, as that the water may issue out but by droppes.

Svppose A to bee a vessell full of water, having a pipe comming from the bottome, and rising up into a cup of the just height that the vessell is of; over the vessell fild with water, let there be placed another vessel, as E. From this vessell must come a pipe, and reach with in the other vessell. Now ouer this vessell there hangeth, as it were, the beame of a scale; at the one ende whereof, is fastened a peece of boord, hauing a leather nayled upon the top; at the other end of this beame must hang a weight, but not full so heauie as the peece of boord lethered is. Fill both these vessells with water, and the cup also; note then, that if you sucke out the water in the cup by the pipe on the side of it, the water in the vessell will come into it, untill it is in both of equall height: now as the water falleth downe in A, the peece of boord that is hanged unto one end of the beame falleth after it and so giueth way unto the water in E, which runneth into it; and when the vessell is filled againe with water, it beareth up the sayd peece of boord against the pipe of the vessell E, so that the water can run out thereat no longer, except the water bee againe drawne out of the cup.

Before I begin with these, take a word or two by the way. Let it bee a generall notion that no engine for water workes of what sort soeuer, whether for seruice, or meere pleasure, can be made without the help of Succurs, Forcers, or Clackes; euery of which, I haue orderly explayned both by words and demonstratiue figures.

A Succur is a box, which is made of brasse in the middest of which, there is a small bar goeth crosse, the same hauing a hole in the middle of it; this box hath a lid so exactly fitted unto it, that being put into it, no ayre nor water can passe betweene the creuise: this couer hath a little button on the top, and a seame that goeth into the box, and so through the hole of the aforesayd crosse barre, and afterwards it hath a little button riueted on it, so that it may with ease flip up and downe, but not be taken, or flip quite out.

A Forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about; the end that goeth into the barrell, is semicircularly concaue.

A Clacke is a peece of Leather nayled ouer any hole, hauing a peece of lead to make it lie close, so that the ayre or water in any vessell may thereby bee kept from going out.

Lay such Leather as is well tanned to soake in water, wherein there hath beene store of iron filings a long time, or else in the water that hath lien a long time under a grindstone, into the which such yron as hath beene from time to time ground away, hath fallen and there setled.

Svppose A B C were a deepe Wel, wherein you would make a Pumpe to draw water to the surface or superficies of the earth. First therefore you must prouide a pipe of Lead, or a peece of timber bored through, so long as will reach unto the bottome of the Well: that part that standeth in the water must bee cut with two or three arches, as it were, if it be wood; if Leade, it must haue somewhat to beare it a little from the bottome, that the water may thereby bee let into the pipe. Towards the bottome of the pipe in the water there must bee fastned a succur; also another of these succurs must be fastned about two foot aboue the top of the ground; then haue a bucket fitted unto the hole of the wood or leaden pipe; let it bee well leathered about, and haue a clacke at the bottome of it, and let it bee hanged with a sweepe as the figure sheweth: note that after you haue filled the distance betweene the lower succur, and the bucket with water, that if you lift up the sweepe, it will thrust downe the bucket upon the water, and presse it, the water being pressed upon by the bucket, beareth up the clacke, and comes into the bucket; then if you pull downe the sweepe, the clacke shutteth, and so the water remaynes in the bucket, which being drawen upward, there being nothing to follow but water, both the succurs open, and there commeth into the pump so much water as the buckets drew out.

Svppose A B C D to be a deepe Well, and E F to be a strong peece of timber fastned athwart the same, a good way in the water. In this planke let there bee fastened a peece of timber with a strong wheele in it, as G H, hauing strong yron spikes droue athwart the wheele within the creuise, and strongly riueted on each side: let them be three or foure inches distant from each other. Let there bee likewise made in the sayde planke two holes, in which set two hollow posts, that may reach to the top of the Well, or so much higher as you desire to mount the water; let them bee made fast that they stirre not. In the bottom of one of these posts, there must be fastned a barrell of brasse, as G H, made very smooth within, and betwixt those two posts at the top; let there bee fastned unto them both another peece of strong timber to hold them fast, lest they start asunder; and in the midst of that make a mortice, and in it fasten a strong peece of timber with a wheele like to the former mentioned; the pin whereof ought to bee made fast unto the wheele, and haue a crooked handle to turne about, that by turning of it, you may turne the wheele also. Then prouide a strong yron chayne of length sufficient, hauing on euery third or fourth linke a peece of horne, that will easily goe through the brasse barrell, and a leather of each side of it, but somewhat broader then the horne; put this chayne under the lower wheele in the Well upon both the hollow posts, draw it ouer the upper wheele, and linke it fast and straight. Turn then the handle round, and it will turne the chayne round, whose leathers comming up the brasse barrell, will beare the water before them; this goeth very strongly, and therefore had neede bee made with wheeles and wrought upon by horses, for so the water is wrought up at Broken Wharfe in London.

Let there be prepared a strong table, with a sweepe fastened at the one end thereof, to lift up and downe; unto the end of the sweepe, let there be linked a peece of yron hauing two rods of length sufficient; let there bee made a hole quite through the midst of this table, whose diameter let be about fiue or six inches; then prouide two peeces of brasse in forme of hattes, but let the brim of the uppermost be but about one inch broad, and haue diuers little holes round about it; also in the crown of this must bee placed a large succur, and ouer it a half globe, from the top of which, must proceed a hollow trunke aboute a yard long, and of a good wide bore; then take good liquored leather, 2 or 3 times double, & put betweene the board and the brims of this, and with diuers little screws put through the holes of the brimme, screw it fast unto the top of the table. Note that the table must bee leathered also underneath the compasse of the brimme of the lower brasse. Now the lowermost brasse must be of equal diameter unto the other, but it must be more spirall towards the bottome, and must haue eyther a large clacke or succur fastned in it; also the brim of this must be larger then that of the uppermost, and haue two holes made about the midst on each side one; bore then 2 holes in the table, on each side of the brasse one, answerable unto the holes of the brim of the lower brasse, throgh which holes put the two rods, of the yron hanged unto the sweepe through them, and riuet them strongly into the holes of the lower brasse. Place this in water, and by mouing the sweepe up and downe, it will with greater violence cast the water on high.

Let there bee a large pot or vessell, hauing at the side a peece of wood made hollow, hauing a clacke of leather with a peece of lead upon it, within the vessell also let there be a pipe through the top of the vessell, reaching almost to the botom of it: at the top of which let there be a round hollow ball, and on it a small cocke of brasse. Note that if you fill the said vessell halfe-full of water, and blow into the hole of the pipe, at the side, your breath will lift up the clack, and enter the vessell, but when it is in, it will presse down the clack: blow into it oftentimes, so shall there bee a great deale of ayre in the vessell, which will presse so hard upon the water, that if you turne the cock at the top, the water in the vessell will spin out a good while.

Let A, B, C, D, be a great vessell, having a partition in the middle: let there bee a large tunnell at the top of it, E, F, whose neck must go into the bottom almost of the lower vessell: let there be a hollow pipe also coming out of the partition, and almost touch the top of the upper vessell. In the top of the upper vessell let there bee another pipe, reaching from the bottom of the upper vessell, and extending it selfe out of the vessell a good way: let the top of it hang ouer the tunnell. In the top of the upper vessell let there be a hole besides, to be stopped with cork, or otherwise: when you will use it, open the cork-hole, and fill the upper vessel with water: then stop it close againe, and poure water into the tunnell, and you shall see that the water in the upper vessell will run out of the pipe into the tunnell againe and so will continue running untill all the water in the upper vessell be run out. The reason thereof is this; the water in the tunnell pressing the ayre in the lower vessell, maketh it ascend the pipe in the partition, and presse the water in the upper vessell, which having no other way but the pipe, it runneth out thereat.

Let A, B, C, D, bee a cestern placed upon a curious frame for the purpose, let the bottom of this frame be made likewise in the form of a cestern: Through the pillers of this frame let there passe hollow pipes from the bottom of the upper cestern, and descend to the bottom of the lower cestern, and then run all to the middle thereof, and joyne in one, and turne up into the hollow body of a beast, bird, fish, or what your fancy most affecteth: let the hole of the image whereat the water must break out, be very small, for so it will run the longer. Fill the upper cestern with water, and by reason of the weight thereof it will passe through the pipes, and spin out of the hole of the image.

Let there bee an even streight barrell of brasse of what length and bignesse you please: let the bottom of it be open, and let the top be closed, but so that it be hollow on the outside like a basin: in the midst whereof let there bee a straight pipe erected, open at both ends, also let there be another short pipe at the side of it, which let bee even with the top of the basin on the outside, but stand a little from it on the side. Having thus prepared the barrell, fit a good thick board unto it, so that it may slip easily up and down from the top of the barrell unto the bottom, nayle a lether about the edges of it, and another upon the top of it: on the underside of it let there be fastned a good stiffe, but flexible spring of steele, which may thrust the board from the bottom to the top of the barrell: let the foot of this spring rest upon a barre fastned acros the bottom of the barrell; let this board also have tied at the middle a little rope of length sufficient. When you use it, bore a little hole in the table that you set it on, to put the rope thorow, and pull the rope down, which will contract the spring, and with it draw down the board: then poure in water at the basin untill the vessell be full: Note then, as you let slack the rope, the water will spirt out of the pipe, in the middle, and as you pull it straight, the water will run into the vessell againe. You may make birds, or divers images at the top of the pipe, out of which the water may break.

Let there be two hollow posts, with a succur at the bottom of each, also a succur nigh the top of each: let there be fastned unto both these posts a strong peece of timber, having, as it were, a beame or scale pinned in it, and having two handles, at each end one. In the tops of both these hollow posts fasten two brasse barrels, made very even and smooth within, unto these two barrels let there be fitted two forcers, lethered according to art, at the tops of these forcers must be fastned two yrons, which must bee linked unto the aforesaid beam; from each post below towards the end of the barrels, let there bee two leaden pipes, which afterward meet in one, to conduct the water up to the place desired, which if it bee very high, there will be need of some succurs to catch the water as it cometh.

Let there be a brasse barrell provided, having two succurs in the bottom of it: let it also have a good large pipe going up one side of it with a succur nigh unto the top of it, and above the succur a hollow round ball, having a pipe at the top of it made to screw another pipe upon it, to direct the water to any place. Then fit a forcer unto the barrell with a handle fastned unto the top; at the upper end of this forcer drive a strong screw, and at the lower end a screw nut, at the bottom of the barrell fasten a screw, and at the barre that goeth crosse the top of the barrell, let there be another screw nut: put them all in order, and fasten the whole to a good strong frame, that it may stand steddy, and it is done. When you use it, either place it in the water, or over a kennell, and drive the water up to it, and by moving the handle to and fro, it will cast the water with mighty force up to any place you direct it.

Let there bee had in a readinesse a pot made after the forme of the figure following, having a little hole at the top, in the which fasten a reed or pipe, also another little hole at the bottom: presse this pot into a bucket of water, and it will make a loud noyse.

Let there be a cestern of lead or such like, having a tunnell on the top: let it bee placed under the fall of a Conduit, and at the one end of the top, let there come out of the vessell a small pipe, which let bee bent into a cup of water, and there will be heard a strange voice. Over this pipe you may make an artificiall tree with diuers birds made to sit therein.

Provide a cestern, having a tunnell at the one end of the top, and a little cane coming out of the other end of the vessell; on the top of which let there be a bird made to sit, also at the bottom of the cestern, let there bee a crane to carry away the water as it runneth into the vessell. Place this vessell with its tunnell under the fall of a conduit of water, and the bird will sing; and if you hold a cup of water under his bill, hee will drink and make a noise.

Prepare a cestern having divers partitions, one above another; let them all have cranes in the bottoms to carry the water from one to another; also let each cestern have his severall pipe, all of them coming out at the top of the cestern, on whose tops let birds bee artificially made, with reeds in them: also in the top of the upper cestern let there bee a tunnell. Place it under the fall of a conduit of water, and you shall heare so many severall voyces as there are birds.

Prepare a cestern having within on the lid fastned a concave hemisphere, in whose bottom let there bee made one or two holes: let there also be a hole in the top of the sayd cestern, whereby it may bee filled with water as occasion serveth. Also let there bee made to stand on the top of this cestern the image of a man holding unto his mouth a trumpet: this image must likewise have a slender pipe coming out of the cestern unto the trumpet, in this pipe or cane there must be a cock, nigh unto the cestern. Also there must come out of the concave hemisphere at the side of the cestern, a little short pipe, having a clack on it within the vessell. Fill the cestern about two thirds full of water, and then cork it up fast, blow then into the vessell at the pipe on the side divers times, and the ayer will force the water out of the hemisphere, and make it rise up on the sides of it; turne then the cock, and the weight of the water will force the ayer out of the pipe, and so cause the trumpet to sound.

Let there be a cestern having a partition in the midst, in the partition let there bee a deep succur, having a small rope fastned unto the top of it: let the one end of the rope come out of the upper lid of the cestern, and bee fastned unto a ball, the other part thereof let it be put under a pulley and let it be carried also out of the upper cestern, and be fastned unto the arme of the image, which must bee made to slip to and againe, and to take hold of the string of a steele bow that is held in the other hand. At the other end of the cestern let there bee made an artificiall image of a Dragon, through whose body must come a small pipe with a reed artificially fastned in the upper part thereof. Note then, that when you put up the ball, the image will draw his bow, and when you let it fall, the Dragon will hisse.

Prepare a round vessell of brasse, or latin, having a crooked pipe or neck, whereto fasten a pipe: put this vessell upon a trevet over the fire, and it will make a shrill whistling noyse.

Prepare a cestern having an altar of brasse or tin upon it, let there be in the cestern a hollow pipe turning up out of the cestern at each end; also in the middle within the altar, also on the side of the altar into the body of a dragon artificially made, with a reed in the mouth of it. Let there bee two boxes at the tops of the pipes, on the ends of the cestern, having two crooked pipes or cranes comming out of them. Fill the boxes with water when you occupy it, also put fire upon the altar, and the dragon will hisse, and the water in the two boxes being wrought upon by the heat of the fire comming thorow the pipes, will drop into the fire. These two boxes ought to be inclosed in the bodies of two images, and the two short cranes comming out of them in her armes and hands.

Prepare a vessell after the forme of the figure marked with the letters A, B, C, D, place it upon a frame, as F, G, H; this vessell must have a hole in the bottom, with a pipe fastned in it, as Q, to convay the water conteyned in it into a vessell or tub set under it, marked with the letters R, S, T, also a frame must bee fastned at the top of it, as G, H, L, having so many bels with little beaters or hammers to them as are requisit to expresse your desired tune. Lastly provide a sollid peece of timber, whose lower part must bee fitted unto the aforesayd vessell, so that it may easily slip up and down, and so high as that its foot resting upon the bottom of the vessell, the upper part thereof may stand somewhat above all the bels. Note likewise that that part of this wood aboue its bottom or foot must be cut away about three quarters of an inch. Vpon this wood thus fitted must bee fastned severall pins equall unto each bell, from the top unto the foot thereof, so disposed that they may orderly presse down the inward ends of the hammers of each bell, according as the tune goeth: when you use it, fill the cestern almost with water, and put the fitted peece of timber into it, and as the water runneth out at the bottom, it will play upon the bels: note that it were very requisit to haue a cock fastned to the pipe on the bottom of the vessell, that therewith you might at your pleasure stay the water. The like engines might be made to play upon wyer strings disposed upon a concavous water, to make the musick resound, but because this description giueth light enough for the framing of diuers other, I thought good here to omit them.

Let there be an altar having a pipe comming out of it, and entring the body of a hollow ball, let there come out of the same ball a crane, whose lower end make to hang ouer a bucket fastned to a rope, and hanging ouer a pulley, of which rope the other end must bee wound about two spindles, hauing two doores fastned unto them, and at the end of the same rope let there bee a waight fastned. So the fire on the altar will cause the water to distill out of the ball into the bucket, which when by reason of the water it is become heuier then the weight, it will draw it up, and so open the said gates or little doores.

Let there be a round vessell of glasse, or horn, and on the top of it a vessell of brasse, and in the midst a hollow pipe spreading it selfe into foure seuerall branches at the bottom: the ends of two of the branches must turn up, the ends also of two must turn down; upon these foure branches fasten a light cord, with seuerall images set upon it. Rarifie the ayre then by laying a red-hot iron upon the top of the brasse or tin vessell, and it will turn the wheele about, so that you would think the images to bee living creatures.

First prepare a round peece of wood, hauing a brasse box in the midst, such as they make to hang the mariners compasse with, but a good deale bigger, round about this peece of wood fasten divers shreds of thin lattin, standing obliquely or ascew, as the figure doth represent; round about these fasten a coffin of thin pastbord, cut into seuerall formes of fishes, birds, beasts, or what you please. Prepare a lantern with oyled parchment, sufficient to conteine it, in the midst of whose bottom must bee erected a spindle with a narrow point, to hang the pastbord cut into formes upon: upon each side let there be a socket for to set a candle in, also let there bee made a doore in the bottom to put the candles in at, and after to be shut, and it is done. If you set two candles in the sockets, the heat of them will turne the whole pastbord of formes round.

Amongst all the experiments pneumaticall, there is none more excellent than this of the Weather-glasse: wherefore I haue laboured to describe the making thereof as plainly as it possibly might be.

A Weather-glasse is a structure of, at the least, two glasses, sometimes of three, foure, or more, as occasion serueth, inclosing a quantity of water, and a portion of ayre proportionable, by whose condensation or rarifaction the included water is subject unto a continuall motion, either upward or downward; by which motion of the water is commonly foreshewn the state, change, and alteration of the weather. For I speak no more than what mine experience hath made me bold to affirme; you may bee able certainly to foretell the alteration or uncertainty of the weather a good many houres before it come to passe.

There are diuers seuerall fashions of Weather-glasses, but principally two.

The single Perpendiculars are of two sorts, either fixt or moueable.

The fixt are of contrary qualities; either such whose included water doth moue upward with cold, and downward with heat, or else upward with heat, and downward with cold.

In the double and treble Perpendiculars, as the water ascendeth in one, it descendeth as much or more in the other.

In the moueable Perpendicular the glasse being artificially hanged, moueth up and down with the water.

I must confesse, that any water that is not subiect unto putrifaction, or freezing, would serue the turne, but Art hath taught to make such a water as may bee both an ornament to the work, and also delectable to the eye.

Take two ounces of vardigrease in powder, and infuse it so long in a pint of white wine vineger, untill it hath a very green colour, then poure out the vineger gently from the vardigrease: take also a pint and a halfe of purifide May-dew, and put therein 6 ounces of Roman vitreoll in grosse powder, let it stand till the vitreoll bee throughly dissolved; then mix this with the former water, and strain them through a cap paper, and put it into a cleane glasse well stopped, and its ready for use.

Take a gallon of rayn water that hath setled, infuse therein a day and a night 4 pound of quick lyme; stir it about with a cleane stick oftentimes in the day; in the morning poure the cleere water off from the lyme, into a brasse pan, and adde thereto 3 pound of sal armoniack; let it stand fiue or six houres, afterwards stir it about untill it be of a perfect blew colour, then straine it through a browne paper rowled within a tunnell, and reserue it for your use. This water is not so good for use as the former.

First you must prepare two glasses, the fashion whereof let be like unto the figures marked with the letters A, B, and C, D. The glasse C, D, is open at both the ends, also in the middle there is a neck comming up of sufficient widenesse to receiue the shank end of the glasse marked with the letters A, B. Then fill the glasse C, D, a third part, with either of the waters, and diuide the glasse into so many equall parts as you would haue degrees; rarifie the ayre in the head of the glasse A, B, by holding it to the fire, which being yet warme, reuerse the shank of it into the neck of the glasse C, D. Note that if the water do not ascend high enough, you must take the glasse A, B, out againe, and heat it hotter; if it ascend too high, heat it not so hot. If it be in the dog-dayes, and extreme heat of summer, 1 and 2 are good degrees; if the weather be most temperate, then 3 and 4 are best; if a frost, 9 or 10. When you haue hit an indifferent degree, lute the joynts very close, and fasten a ribben unto the top of the glasse to hang it by. In this glasse the water will with cold ascend the glasse A, B, with heat it will descend the glasse A, B, and ascend the hornes of the glasse C, D.

Take mother of Pearle 2 pound, small red Corall di. pound, Antimony crude 4 ounces, and make a grosse powder of them.

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