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Ebook has 410 lines and 93617 words, and 9 pages

Transcriber's notes:

Characters following a carat were printed in superscript.

Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.

Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.

stands for the root symbol; , , etc. for greek letters.

The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH: "It was he upon whom the Danes afterwards threw the blame of having invented the Schleswig-Holstein question; certainly his activities form an important link in the chain of events which eventually led to the solution of 1864." 'amended' from 'activites'.

ARTICLE DAHOMEY: "... L. Brunet and L. Giethlen, Dahomey et d?pendances ; ?douard Fo?, Le Dahomey ." 'Dahomey' amended from 'Dohomey'.

ARTICLE DAIRY and DAIRY-FARMING: "Most of the cheese is made from two curds, the highly acid curd from the morning's milk being mixed with the comparatively sweet curd from the evening's milk." Duplicate word 'being' removed.

ARTICLE DAIRY and DAIRY-FARMING: "To drysalt butter, place butter on worker, let it drain 10 to 15 minutes, then work gently till all the butter comes together. Place it on the scales and weigh; then weigh salt, for slight salting, 1/4 oz.; medium, 1/2 oz.; heavy salting, 3/4 oz." 'weigh' amended from 'weight'.

ARTICLE DALLMEYER, JOHN HENRY: "Dallmeyer's position in this workshop appears to have been an unpleasant one, and led him to take, for a time, employment as French and German correspondent for a commercial firm." 'correspondent' amended from 'corrrespondent'.

ARTICLE DANIEL: "The biblical account throws no light on the subject. According to the rabbis, Daniel went back to Jerusalem with the return of the captivity, and is supposed to have been one of the founders of the mythical Great Synagogue." 'Jerusalem' amended from 'Jersualem'.

ARTICLE DANIEL: "Darius Hystaspis was the father of Xerxes, and according to Herodotus established twenty satrapies." 'Hystaspis' amended from 'Hystapis'.

ARTICLE DANTE: "At that moment I saw most truly that the spirit of life which hath its dwelling in the secretest chamber of the heart began to tremble so violently that the least pulses of my body shook therewith; and in trembling it said these words ..." 'trembling' amended from 'trembing'.

ARTICLE DARBOY, GEORGES: "... was born at Fayl-Billot in Haute Marne on the 16th of January 1813." 'Haute' amended from 'Haut'.

ARTICLE DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT: "For eight years he was chiefly engaged upon four monographs on the recent and fossil Cirripede Crustacea ." 'Roy' amended from 'Ray'.

ARTICLE DASS, PETTER: "... a Scottish merchant of Dundee, who, leaving his country about 1630 to 845 escape the troubles of the Presbyterian church, settled in Bergen, and in 1646 married a Norse girl of good family." 'church' amended from 'chursh'.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

Dagupan to David

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

DAGUPAN, a town and the most important commercial centre of the province of Pangasin?n, Luzon, Philippine Islands, on a branch of the Agno river near its entrance into the Gulf of Lingayen, 120 m. by rail N.N.W. of Manila. Pop. , 20,357. It is served by the Manila & Dagupan railway. Dagupan has a healthy climate. It is the chief point of exportation for a very rich province, which produces sugar, indigo, Indian corn, copra, and especially rice. There are several rice mills here. Salt is an important export, being manufactured in salt water swamps and marshes throughout the province of Pangasin?n . In these, marshes grows the nipa palm, from which a liquor is distilled--there are a number of small distilleries here. Dagupan has a small shipyard in which sailing vessels and steam launches are constructed. The principal language is Pangasin?n.

DAHABEAH , an Arabic word for a native passenger boat used on the Nile. The typical form is that of a barge-like house-boat provided with sails, resembling the painted galleys represented on the tombs of the Pharaohs. Similar state barges were used by the Mahommedan rulers of Egypt, and from the circumstance that these vessels were ornamented with gilding is attributed the usual derivation of the name from gold. Before the introduction of steamers dahabeahs were generally used by travellers ascending the Nile, and they are still the favourite means of travelling for the leisured and wealthy classes. The modern dahabeah is often made of iron, draws about 2 ft. of water, and is provided with one very large and one small sail. According to size it provides accommodation for from two to a dozen passengers. Steam dahabeahs are also built to meet the requirements of tourists.

DAHL, JOHANN CHRISTIAN , Norwegian landscape painter, was born in Bergen. He formed his style without much tuition, remaining at Bergen till he was twenty-four, when he left for the better field of Copenhagen, and ultimately settled in Dresden in 1818. He is usually included in the German school, although he was thus close on forty years of age when he finally took up his abode in Dresden, where he was quickly received into the Academy and became professor. German landscape-painting was not greatly advanced at that time, and Dahl contributed to improve it. He continued to reside in Dresden, though he travelled into Tirol and in Italy, painting many pictures, one of his best being that of the "Outbreak of Vesuvius, 1820." He was fond of extraordinary effects, as seen in his "Winter at Munich," and his "Dresden by Moonlight;" also the "Haven of Copenhagen," and the "Schloss of Friedrichsburg," under the same condition. At Dresden may be seen many of his works, notably a large picture called "Norway," and a "Storm at Sea." He was received into several academic bodies, and had the orders of Wasa and St Olaf sent him by the king of Norway and Sweden.

DAHL, MICHAEL , Swedish portrait painter, was born at Stockholm. He received his first professional education from Ernst Klocke, who had a respectable position in that northern town, which, however, Dahl left in his twenty-second year. His first destination was England, where he did not long remain, but crossed over to Paris, and made his way at last to Rome, there taking up his abode for a considerable time, painting the portraits of Queen Christina and other celebrities. In 1688 he returned to England, and became for some years a dangerous rival to Kneller. He died in London. His portraits still exist in many houses, but his name is not always preserved with them. Nagler says those at Hampton Court and at Petworth contest the palm with those of the better known and vastly more employed painter.

A collected edition of his works appeared at St Petersburg in 8 volumes, 1860-1861.

DAHLGREN, JOHN ADOLF , admiral in the U.S. navy, was the son of the Swedish consul at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was born in that city on the 13th of November 1809. He entered the United States navy in 1826, and saw some service in the Civil War in command of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. But he was chiefly notable as a scientific officer. His knowledge of mathematics caused him to be employed on the coast survey in 1834. In 1837 his eyesight threatened to fail, he retired in 1838-1842, and in 1847 he was transferred to the ordnance department. In this post he applied himself to the improvement of the guns of the U.S. navy. He was the inventor of the smooth bore gun which bore his name, but was from its shape familiarly known as "the soda water bottle." It was used in the Civil War, and for several years afterwards in the United States navy. Dahlgren's guns were first mounted in a vessel named the "Experiment," which cruised under his command from 1857 till 1859. They were "the first practical application of results obtained by experimental determinations of pressure at different points along the bore, by Colonel Bomford's tests--that is by boring holes in the walls of the gun, through which the pressure acts upon other bodies, such as pistol balls, pistons, &c." When the Civil War broke out, he was on ordnance duty in the Washington navy yard, and he was one of the three officers who did not resign from confederate sympathies. His rank at the time was commander, and the command could only by held by a captain. President Lincoln insisted on retaining Commander Dahlgren, and he was qualified to keep the post by special act of Congress. He became post-captain in 1862 and rear-admiral in 1863. He commanded the Washington navy yard when he died on the 12th of July 1870.

A memoir of Admiral Dahlgren by his widow was published at Boston in 1882.

His works were collected and published after his death by A. J. Arwidsson .

New varieties are procured from seed, which should be sown in pots or pans towards the end of March, and placed in a hotbed or propagating pit, the young plants being pricked off into pots or boxes, and gradually hardened off for planting out in June; they will flower the same season if the summer is a genial one. The older varieties are propagated by dividing the large tuberous roots, in doing which care must be taken to leave an eye to each portion of tuber, otherwise it will not grow. Rare varieties are sometimes grafted on the roots of others. The best and most general mode of propagation is by cuttings, to obtain which, the old tubers are placed in heat in February, and as the young shoots, which rise freely from them, attain the height of 3 in., they are taken off with a heel, and planted singly in small pots filled with fine sandy soil, and plunged in a moderate heat. They root speedily, and are then transferred to larger pots in light rich soil, and their growth encouraged until the planting-out season arrives, about the middle of June north of the Thames.

Dahlias succeed best in an open situation, and in rich deep loam, but there is scarcely any garden soil in which they will not thrive, if it is manured. For the production of fine show flowers the ground must be deeply trenched, and well manured annually. The branches as well as the blossoms require a considerable but judicious amount of thinning; they also need shading in some cases. The plants should be protected from cold winds, and when watered the whole of the foliage should be wetted. They may stand singly like common border flowers, but have the most imposing appearance when seen in masses arranged according to their height. Florists usually devote a plot of ground to them, and plant them in lines 5 to 10 ft. apart. This is done about the beginning of June, sheltering them if necessary from late frosts by inverted pots or in some other convenient way. Old roots often throw up a multitude of stems, which render thinning necessary. As the plants increase in height, they are furnished with strong stakes, to secure them from high winds. Dahlias flower on till they are interrupted by frost in autumn. The roots are then taken up, dried, and stored in a cellar, or some other place where they may be secure from frost and moisture. Earwigs are very destructive, eating out the young buds and florets. Small flower-pots half filled with dry moss and inverted on stakes placed among the branches, form a useful trap.

DAHOMEY , a country of West Africa, formerly an independent kingdom, now a French colony. Dahomey is bounded S. by the Gulf of Guinea, E. by Nigeria , N. and N.W. by the French possessions on the middle Niger, and W. by the German colony of Togoland. The French colony extends far north of the limits of the ancient kingdom of the same name. With a coast-line of only 75 m. , the area of the colony is about 40,000 sq. m., and the population over 1,000,000. As far as 9? N. the width of the colony is no greater than the coast-line. From this point, the colony broadens out both eastward and westward, attaining a maximum width of 200 m. It includes the western part of Borgu , and reaches the Niger at a spot a little above Illo. Its greatest length N. to S. is 430 m.

For some 50 m. inland the country is flat, and, after the first mile or two of sandy waste is passed, covered with dense vegetation. At this distance from the coast is a great swamp known as the Lama Marsh. It extends east to west some 25 m. and north to south 6 to 9 m. North of the swamp the land rises by regular stages to about 1650 ft., the high plateau falling again to the basin of the Niger. In the north-west a range of hills known as the Atacora forms a watershed between the basins of the Weme, the Niger and the Volta. A large part of the interior consists of undulating country, rather barren, with occasional patches of forest. The forests contain the baobab, the coco-nut palm and the oil palm. The fauna resembles that of other parts of the West Coast, but the larger wild animals, such as the elephant and hippopotamus, are rare. The lion is found in the regions bordering the Niger. Some kinds of antelopes are common; the buffalo has disappeared.

Such was the state of affairs at the accession of King Gezo about the year 1818. This monarch, who reigned forty years, raised the power of Dahomey to its highest pitch, extending greatly the border of his kingdom to the north. He boasted of having first organized the Amazons, a force of women to whom he attributed his successes. The Amazons, however, were state soldiery long before Gezo's reign, and what that monarch really did was to reorganize and strengthen the force.

In 1851 Gezo attacked Abeokuta in the Yoruba country and the centre of the Egba power, but was beaten back. In the same year the king signed a commercial treaty with France, in which Gezo also undertook to preserve "the integrity of the territory belonging to the French fort" at Whydah. The fort referred to was one built in the 17th century, and in 1842 made over to a French mercantile house. England, Portugal and Brazil also had "forts" at Whydah--all in a ruinous condition and ungarrisoned. But when in 1852 England, to prevent the slave-trade, blockaded the Dahomeyan coast, energetic protests were made by Portugal and France, based on the existence of these "forts." In 1858 Gezo died. He had greatly reduced the custom of human sacrifice, and left instructions that after his death there was to be no general sacrifice of the palace women.

With the arrangements between the European powers the Dahomeyans had little to do, and in 1889, the year in which the Anglo-French agreement was signed, trouble arose between Gl?gl? and the French. The Dahomeyans were the more confident, as through German and other merchants at Whydah they were well supplied with modern arms and ammunition. Gl?gl? claimed the right to collect the customs at Kotonu, and to depose the king of Porto Novo, and proceeded to raid the territory of that potentate . A French mission sent to Abomey failed to come to an agreement with the Dahomeyans, who attributed the misunderstandings to the fact that there was no longer a king in France! Gl?gl? died on the 28th of December 1889, two days after the French mission had left his capital. He was succeeded by his son Behanzin. A French force was landed at Kotonu, and severe fighting followed in which the Amazons played a conspicuous part. In October 1890 a treaty was signed which secured to France Porto Novo and Kotonu, and to the king of Dahomey an annual pension of ?800. It was unlikely that peace on such terms would prove lasting, and Behanzin's slave-raiding expeditions led in 1892 to a new war with France. General A. A. Dodds was placed in command of a strong force of Europeans and Senegalese, and after a sharp campaign during September and October completely defeated the Dahomeyan troops. Behanzin set fire to Abomey and fled north. Pursued by the enemy, abandoned by his people, he surrendered unconditionally on the 25th of January 1894, and was deported to Martinique, being transferred in 1906 to Algeria, where he died on the 10th of December of the same year.

Thus ended the independent existence of Dahomey. The French divided the kingdom in two--Abomey and Allada--placing on the throne of Abomey a brother of the exiled monarch. Chief among the causes which led to the collapse of the Dahomeyan kingdom was the system which devoted the flower of its womanhood to the profession of arms.

Whydah and the adjacent territory was annexed to France by General Dodds on the 3rd of December 1892, and the rest of Dahomey placed under a French protectorate at the same time. The prince who had been made king of Abomey was found intriguing against the French, and in 1900 was exiled by them to the Congo, and with him disappeared the last vestige of Dahomeyan sovereignty.

Dahomey conquered, the French at once set to work to secure as much of the hinterland as possible. On the north they penetrated to the Niger, on the east they entered Borgu , on the west they overlapped the territory claimed by Germany as the hinterland of Togo. The struggle with Great Britain and Germany for supremacy in this region forms one of the most interesting chapters in the story of the partition of Africa. In the result France succeeded in securing a junction between Dahomey and her other possessions in West Africa, but failed to secure any part of the Niger navigable from the sea . A Franco-German convention of 1897 settled the boundary on the west, and the Anglo-French convention of the 14th of June 1898 defined the frontier on the east. In 1899, on the disintegration of the French Sudan, the districts of Fada N'Gurma and Say, lying north of Borgu, were added to Dahomey, but in 1907 they were transferred to Upper Senegal-Niger, with which colony they are closely connected both geographically and ethnographically. From 1894 onward the French devoted great attention to the development of the material resources of the country.

DAIRY and DAIRY-FARMING . Milk, either in its natural state, or in the form of butter and cheese, is an article of diet so useful, wholesome and palatable, that dairy management, which includes all that concerns its production and treatment, constitutes a most important branch of husbandry. The physical conditions of the different countries of the world have determined in each case the most suitable animal for dairy purposes. The Laplander obtains his supplies of milk from his rein-deer, the roving Tatar from his mares, and the Bedouin of the desert from his camels. In the temperate regions of the earth many pastoral tribes subsist mainly upon the milk of the sheep. In some rocky regions the goat is invaluable as a milk-yielder; and the buffalo is equally so amid the swamps and jungles of tropical climates. The milking of ewes was once a common practice in Great Britain; but it has fallen into disuse because of its hurtful effects upon the flock. A few milch asses and goats are here and there kept for the benefit of infants or invalids; but with these exceptions the cow is the only animal now used for dairy purposes.

"If civilized people were ever to lapse into the worship of animals, the Cow would certainly be their chief goddess. What a fountain of blessings is the Cow! She is the mother of beef, the source of butter, the original cause of cheese, to say nothing of shoe-horns, hair-combs and upper leather. A gentle, amiable, ever-yielding creature, who has no joy in her family affairs which she does not share with man. We rob her of her children that we may rob her of her milk, and we only care for her when the robbing may be perpetrated."

Winckler zog Wessel, ich den Ewald vor, und wir stritten oft dar?ber, wer von diesen Dichtern der gr?sste sei. Ueber Holberg fiel es uns niemals ein, zu streiten. Uebrigens hatte Winckler stets mehr Sinn f?r das Lustige; das Gef?hlvolle wollte ihm nicht recht munden, bis er Lafontaine's Romane las, wo dann das Erotische sich in ihm zu entwickeln begann. Es war ihm leicht, Etwas l?cherlich zu finden, wo man es am Allerwenigsten h?tte erwartet haben sollen. Wenn ich ihn zuweilen mit hinauf in die k?niglichen Zimmer nahm, wo wir von einem dunklen Saale aus unbemerkt die Abendtafelmusik h?ren konnten, und ich entz?ckt ?ber die sch?nen T?ne dastand, am?sirte ihn nichts Anderes, als die allertiefsten T?ne des Fagotts und des Waldhorns, welche ihn durch die sonderbarste Ideenassociation von der Welt dahin brachten, die Zunge halb entzwei zu beissen, um nur nicht vor Lachen zu bersten. Endlich steckte er mich auch damit an, und wir mussten fortlaufen, um nicht geh?rt zu werden.

Bischof Balle war ein liebensw?rdiger Mann, den wir bald wie eine Gottheit anbeteten, die uns vom Himmel herniederkam. Seine grosse Gestalt imponirte, sein Gesicht war voller W?rde, Milde und Begeisterung. Die Per?cke, die Krause und der lange Priesterrock unterst?tzten diese Eigenschaften. Es h?tte mir einige Jahre fr?her leicht eben so gehen k?nnen, wie dem Jungen, der als er zum ersten Male in der Kirche war, in dem Glauben, dass der Priester der Herrgott sei, die Mutter beim Hinausgehen fragte: >>Mutter, warum schlug denn der liebe Gott so stark auf die Kanzel?<<

Bereits in meinem neunten Jahre hatte ich einen Morgenpsalm geschrieben, welchen Herr Lassen erwischte. Gegen den Inhalt hatte er Nichts einzuwenden, aber er tadelte, dass die Verse nicht die gen?gende Anzahl F?sse h?tten, um gehen zu k?nnen. Ich wagte, das Gegentheil zu behaupten; ein Psalmenbuch wurde als Schiedsrichter vorgenommen, und nun hatte ich den Triumph, dass der K?ster zugestehen musste, gegen die F?sse sei Nichts einzuwenden.

Mit Wincklers war ich oft draussen im Felde bei der Ernte; ihre Felder lagen jenseits des Friedrichsberger Gartens. Ich erstaunte dar?ber, verschiedene Pfosten an den Gitterth?ren von Wallfischz?hnen verfertigt zu sehen, und bekam hierdurch zuerst eine Vorstellung von der Gr?sse dieser Thiere. Hie und da stehen diese Z?hne noch.

Einer ganz sonderbaren Jagd entsinne ich mich aus jener Zeit. -- Wincklers hatten einen grossen Schober auf dem Hof, in dem viele Feldm?use steckten. Bernt machte mir den Vorschlag, ob wir nicht Katze spielen und die M?use fangen sollten. Hierzu war ich gleich bereit. Wir nahmen Jeder einen Eimer auf den Schober hinauf, und indem wir nun die Garben den Leuten zuwarfen, die sie in die Scheune schaffen sollten, ergriffen wir die M?use, schlugen sie auf den Hacken unserer eisenbeschlagenen Stiefeln todt, und warfen sie in die Eimer, die bald gef?llt waren. Das Merkw?rdigste war, dass ich, sonst mitleidig und ?ngstlich vor M?usen, bei dieser Jagd, sowie die Grossen bei den Kessel- und Parforcejagden, jedes andere Gef?hl verloren hatte, so dass ich nur daran dachte, die M?use zu ergreifen und sie zu vernichten.

Eine meiner gr?ssten Freuden bestand darin, im Winter Schlittschuh zu laufen. Als ich die armen Jungen auf Holzschuhen auf dem Eise hinrutschen sah, dachte ich, es m?sse auch ganz h?bsch sein. Ich bewog meinen Vater, mir ein Paar Holzschuhe zu kaufen; aber sie waren mir zu klein und dr?ckten mich an den Zehen. Ich wollte es nicht sagen, um sie nicht wieder hergeben zu m?ssen; ich hatte oft geh?rt, dass man Schuhzeug austreten k?nne und hoffte, dass sie sich schon nach dem Fusse dehnen w?rden, wenn ich im Schnee mit ihnen umherginge. Aber als ich mich eine Stunde lang auf dem Eise umhergetrieben hatte, musste ich nach Haus hinken und ein Vergn?gen aufgeben, das mit so vielen Schmerzen erkauft war.

Es am?sirte Winckler und mich, mit Beginn des Fr?hjahrs, wenn es zu thauen anfing, auf grossen St?cken Eis auf dem Gemeindeteiche umherzufahren. Ein Mal, als wir bei Berner's waren, fiel ich ins Wasser und w?re beinahe in den Schlamm gesunken, aber ich kam doch gl?cklich heraus und in die Gesindestube, wo ich mit einigen anderen Kleidern versehen wurde, so dass die Aeltern, die darinnen sassen und Quadrille spielten, Nichts davon erfuhren.

Wir wollten also gern nach Kopenhagen, und es war ein Fest, wenn unsere Eltern zuweilen mit uns zu ihren Freunden, zu den Weinh?ndlern Colstrup und B?hling und zu Herrn Leppert, dem vornehmsten Schneider der Stadt gingen. Ein Kamerad von Colstrup und B?hling, der Weinh?ndler Bolten, hatte sich vor Kurzem zum Baron hinaufgeschwungen, und man sprach davon, dass es vielleicht auch ihnen gl?cken k?nne. Der Handel war in jenen franz?sischen Revolutionsjahren ausserordentlich vortheilhaft. Mein Vater hatte dem B?hling ein paar Hundert zusammengesparte Reichsthaler mit in sein Gesch?ft gegeben, von denen er grossen Gewinn hoffte; aber es ging ungl?cklich, die kleine Summe wurde verloren; doch wir Kinder gewannen dabei, denn lange wurden uns als Zinsen einige Flaschen Kirschwein geschickt, der vortrefflich schmeckte. In diesen Gesellschaften herrschte viel Munterkeit, B?hling war ein lustiger Mann, aber der fr?her erw?hnte Canalinspector Schi?tt machte besonders viel Scherze und leuchtete als erster Stern. Wenn ich nicht irre, so kam auch zuweilen ein Bildhauer oder Bildschnitzer K?pke dorthin, welcher den Eremiten im S?dfeld gemacht hatte, der sich von seinem Lager in der H?tte erhob, wenn man auf ein Brett an der Th?re trat. Er sowie der verstorbene Schauspieler Knudsen trugen viel zur geselligen Heiterkeit in dieser Zeit bei.

Madame Leppert war eine muntere Frau, die, wenn wir Kinder die ihrigen besuchten, ihren zweiten Sohn bat, uns aus dem Eulenspiegel vorzulesen. Wir selbst besassen die d?nische Thura'sche Ausgabe vom Reinecke Fuchs. Einmal tauschten wir: wir bekamen Eulenspiegel und die Anderen Reinecke Fuchs. Aber dies reuete mich doch sp?ter, der Holzschnitte wegen, wo der L?wenk?nig und die K?nigin mit Kronen auf dem Haupte sitzen, und die Zunge weit zum Halse herausstrecken, wo der Kater Hinze mit dem B?ren Braun spricht, und wo Reinecke als Kapuziner kommt, auf der Leiter steht und sich vom Galgen losschwatzt; die herrlichen Kaulbach'schen Bilder machten in den Greisesjahren kaum den Eindruck auf meine Phantasie, wie jene schlechten Holzschnitte in meiner Kindheit.

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