Read Ebook: Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia From Authentic Sources by Gebler Karl Von Sturge G George Mrs Translator

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EARLY YEARS AND FIRST DISCOVERIES.

Birth at Pisa.--Parentage.--His Father's Writings on Music.--Galileo destined to be a Cloth Merchant.--Goes to the Convent of Vallombrosa.--Begins to study Medicine.--Goes to the University of Pisa.--Discovery of the Synchronism of the Pendulum.--Stolen Lessons in Mathematics.--His Hydrostatic Scales.--Professorship at Pisa.--Poor Pay.--The Laws of Motion.--John de' Medici.--Leaves Pisa.--Professorship at Padua.--Writes various Treatises.--The Thermoscope.--Letter to Kepler.--The Copernican System.--"De Revolutionibus orbium Coelestium" 3

THE TELESCOPE AND ITS REVELATIONS.

REMOVAL TO FLORENCE.

ASTRONOMY AND THEOLOGY.

Treatise on Floating Bodies.--Controversy with Scheiner about the Solar Spots.--Favourable reception of Galileo's Work on the subject at Rome.--Discussion with the Grand Duchess Christine.--The Bible brought into the controversy.--Ill-fated Letter to Castelli.--Caccini's Sermon against Galileo.--Lorini denounces the Letter to the Holy Office.--Archbishop Bonciani's attempts to get the original Letter.--"Opinion" of the Inquisition on it.--Caccini summoned to give evidence.--Absurd accusations.--Testimony of Ximenes and Attavanti in Galileo's favour 42

HOPES AND FEARS.

Galileo's Fears.--Allayed by letters from Rome.--Foscarini's Work.--Blindness of Galileo's Friends.--His Apology to the Grand Duchess Christine.--Effect produced by it.--Visit to Rome.--Erroneous opinion that he was cited to appear.--Caccini begs pardon.--Galileo defends the Copernican System at Rome.--His mistake in so doing 59

THE INQUISITION AND THE COPERNICAN SYSTEM, AND THE ASSUMED PROHIBITION TO GALILEO.

Adverse "Opinion" of the Inquisition on Galileo's Propositions.--Admonition by Bellarmine, and assumed Absolute Prohibition to treat of the Copernican Doctrines.--Discrepancy between Notes of 25th and 26th February.--Marini's Documents.--Epinois's Work on Galileo.--Wohlwill first doubts the Absolute Prohibition.--Doubts confirmed by Gherardi's Documents.--Decree of 5th March, 1616, on the Copernican System.--Attitude of the Church.--Was the Absolute Prohibition ever issued to Galileo?--Testimony of Bellarmine in his favour.--Conclusions 76

EVIL REPORT AND GOOD REPORT.

THE CONTROVERSY ON COMETS.

His Character.--Taste for Letters.--Friendship for Galileo when Cardinal.--Letters to him.--Verses in his honour.--Publication of "Il Saggiatore" with Dedication to the Pope.--Character of the Work.--The Pope's approval of it.--Inconsistency with the assumed Prohibition 108

PAPAL FAVOUR.

THE "DIALOGUES" ON THE TWO SYSTEMS.

THE IMPRIMATUR FOR THE "DIALOGUES."

THE "DIALOGUES" AND THE JESUITS.

DISCOVERY OF THE ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION OF 1616.

THE SUMMONS TO ROME.

Niccolini's attempt to avert the Trial.--The Pope's Parable.--The Mandate summoning Galileo to Rome.--His grief and consternation.--His Letter to Cardinal Barberini.--Renewed order to come to Rome.--Niccolini's fruitless efforts to save him.--Medical Certificate that he was unfit to travel.--Castelli's hopeful view of the case.--Threat to bring him to Rome as a Prisoner.--The Grand Duke advises him to go.--His powerlessness to protect his servant.--Galileo's mistake in leaving Venice.--Letter to Elia Diodati 175

GALILEO'S ARRIVAL AT ROME.

Galileo reaches Rome in February, 1632.--Goes to the Tuscan Embassy.--No notice at first taken of his coming.--Visits of Serristori.--Galileo's hopefulness.--His Letter to Bocchineri.--Niccolini's audience of the Pope.--Efforts of the Grand Duke and Niccolini on Galileo's behalf.--Notice that he must appear before the Holy Office.--His dejection at the news.--Niccolini's advice not to defend himself 191

THE TRIAL BEFORE THE INQUISITION.

The first hearing.--Galileo's submissive attitude.--The events of February, 1616.--Galileo denies knowledge of a special Prohibition.--Produces Bellarmine's certificate.--Either the Prohibition was not issued, or Galileo's ignorance was feigned.--His conduct since 1616 agrees with its non-issue.--The Inquisitor assumes that it was issued.--"Opinions" of Oregius, Inchofer and Pasqualigus.--Galileo has Apartments in the Palace of the Holy Office assigned to him.--Falls ill.--Letter to Geri Bocchineri.--Change of tone at second hearing hitherto an enigma.--Now explained by letter from Firenzuola to Cardinal Fr. Barberini.--Galileo's Confession.--His Weakness and Subserviency 201

THE TRIAL CONTINUED.

THE SENTENCE AND RECANTATION.

The Sentence in full.--Analysis of it.--The Copernican System had not been pronounced heretical by "Infallible" authority.--The special Prohibition assumed as fact.--The Sentence illegal according to the Canon Law.--The Holy Office exceeded its powers in calling upon Galileo to recant.--The Sentence not unanimous.--This escaped notice for two hundred and thirty-one Years.--The Recantation.--Futile attempts to show that Galileo had really altered his opinion.--After the Sentence, Imprisonment exchanged for Banishment to Trinita de' Monti.--Petition for leave to go to Florence.--Allowed to go to Siena 230

CURRENT MYTHS.

FAILING HEALTH AND LOSS OF SIGHT.

Galileo's Labours at Arcetri.--Completion of the "Dialoghi delle nuove Scienze."--Sends it to the Elzevirs at Leyden.--Method of taking Longitudes at Sea.--Declined by Spain and offered to Holland.--Discovery of the Libration and Titubation of the Moon.--Visit from Milton.--Becomes blind.--Letter to Diodati.--On a hint from Castelli, petitions for his Liberty.--The Inquisitor to visit him and report to Rome.--Permitted to live at Florence under restrictions.--The States-General appoint a Delegate to see him on the Longitude question.--The Inquisitor sends word of it to Rome.--Galileo not to receive a Heretic.--Presents from the States-General refused from fear of Rome.--Letter to Diodati.--Galileo supposed to be near his end.--Request that Castelli might come to him.--Permitted under restrictions.--The new "Dialoghi" appear at Leyden, 1638.--They founded Mechanical Physics.--Attract much notice.--Improvement of health.--In 1639 goes to Arcetri again, probably not voluntarily 284

LAST YEARS AND DEATH.

WORKS CONSULTED.

ALB?RI : "Le opere di Galileo Galilei." Prima edizione completa condotta sugli autentici manoscritti Palatini. Firenze, 1842-1856.

ANONYM: "Der heilige Stuhl gegen Galileo Galilei und das astronomische System des Copernicus." Historisch-politische Bl?tter f?r das katholische Deutschland; herausgegeben von G. Phillips und G. G?rres. Siebenter Band. M?nchen, 1841.

"Galileo Galilei. Sein Leben und seine Bedeutung f?r die Entwickelung der Naturwissenschaft." Die Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaft in biographischen Bildern. Drittes Heft. Berlin, 1856.

BARBIER : "Examen critique et compl?ment des dictionnaires historiques les plus r?pandus." Paris, 1820. Article Galil?e.

"Il Processo originale di Galileo Galilei, pubblicato per la prima volta." Roma, 1876.

"La Critica moderna e il Processo contro Galileo Galilei."

CASPAR : "Galileo Galilei. Zusammenstellung der Forschungen und Entdeckungen Galilei's auf dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaft, als Beitrag zur Geschichte der neueren Physik." Stuttgart, 1854.

CHASLES : "Galileo Galilei, sa vie, son proc?s et ses contemporains d'apr?s les documents originaux." Paris, 1862.

DELAMBRE : "Histoire de l'astronomie ancienne." Paris, 1821.

ECKERT : "Galileo Galilei, dessen Leben und Verdienste um die Wissenschaften." Als Einladung zur Promotionsfeier des P?dagogiums. Basel, 1858.

EPINOIS : "Galil?e, son proc?s, sa condamnation d'apr?s des documents in?dits." Extrait de la Revue des questions historiques. Paris, 1867.

FIGUIER : "Galil?e." Vies des savants illustres du dix-septi?me si?cle. Paris, 1869.

GOVI : "Il S. Offizio, Copernico e Galileo a proposito di un opuscolo postumo del P. Olivieri sullo stesso argomento." Torino, 1872.

JAGEMANN: "Geschichte des Lebens und der Schriften des Galileo Galilei." Neue Auflage. Leipzig, 1787.

LIBRI: "Galileo Galilei, sein Leben und seine Werke." Aus dem Franz?sischen mit Anmerkungen von F. W. Carov?. Siegen und Wiesbaden, 1842.

MARINI : "Galileo e l'inquisizione." Memorie storico-critiche. Roma, 1850.

MARTIN : "Galil?e, les droits de la science et la m?thode des sciences physiques." Paris, 1868.

NELLI : "Vita e commercio letterario di Galileo Galilei." Losanna , 1793.

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