Read Ebook: A Complete Grammar of Esperanto by Reed Ivy Kellerman

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ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.

A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO.

ALPHABET.

VOWELS.

"a" as in "far".

"e" as in "fiance", like "a" in "fate".

"i" as in "machine".

"o" as in "toll", "for".

"u" as in "rude", "rural".

CONSONANTS.

"c" like "ts" in "hats", "tsetse".

"cx" like "ch" in "chin", "much".

"g" like "g" in "go", "big".

"gx" like "g" in "gem", "j" in "jar".

"hx" is produced by expelling the breath forcibly, with the throat only partially open.

"j" like "y" in "yes", "beyond".

"jx" like "z" in "azure", "s" in "visual".

"r" is slightly trilled or rolled.

"s" like "s" in "see", "basis".

"sx" like "sh" in "shine", "rash", "ch" in machine".

"ux" like "w" or consonantal "u". See Diphthongs, 5.

NAMES OF THE LETTERS.

DIPHTHONGS.

"aj" like "ai" in "aisle".

"ej" like "ei" in "vein", "ey" in "they".

"oj" like "oi" in "coin", "oy" in "boy".

"uj" like "ui" in "ruin", "uy" in "gluey".

"eux" like "ayw" in "wayward", or like Eoo" pronounced together.

"aux" like "ou" in "out", "ow" in "owl".

COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS.

a. Thus, both consonants are clearly sounded in the groups "kn", "kv", "gv", "sv", in such words as "knabo", "kvin", "gvidi", "sviso".

b. The combination "kz", as in "ekzisti", "ekzameno", must not be modified to the "gs" or "ks" represented by "x" in "exist", "execute".

c. The combination "sc", as in "escepte", "scias", is equivalent to the combination "sts" in "laST Said", "firST Song", pronounced together rapidly. The "s" in a word beginning with "sc" may be sounded with the end of the preceding word, if that word ends in a vowel, as "mis-cias" for "mi scias".

d. The "n" and "g" are pronounced separately in the combination "ng", in such words as "lingvo", "angulo", producing the sound of "ng" heard in "linger", not that in "singer".

e. Each of two similar letters is clearly sounded, as "interrilato", "ellasi", like "inter-relate", "well-laid".

SYLLABLES.

a. A single consonant goes with the following vowel, as "pa-no", "be-la", "a-e-ro".

b. A consonant followed by "l" or "r" goes with the "l" or "r", as in "ta-blo", "a-kra", "a-gra-bla".

c. Otherwise, the syllable division is made before the last consonant of the group, as "sus-pek-ti", "sank-ta", "deks-tra".

d. Prefixes are separated from the words to which they are attached, as "dis-meti", "mal-akra", and compound words are divided into their component parts, as "cxef-urbo", "sun-ombrelo".

ACCENT.

WORDS FOR PRACTICE.

NOUNS.

THE ARTICLE.

ADJECTIVES

ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES.

PRESENT TENSE OF THE VERB.

La suno brilas, the sun shines , subject: suno. Knabo kuras, a boy runs , subject: knabo.

VOCABULARY.

READING LESSON.

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