: Disputed Handwriting An exhaustive valuable and comprehensive work upon one of the most important subjects of to-day. With illustrations and expositions for the detection and study of forgery by handwriting of all kinds by Lavay Jerome Buell - Forgery; Wr

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HOW TO STUDY FORGED AND DISPUTED SIGNATURES

All Titles Depend Upon the Genuineness of Signatures--Comparing Genuine with Disputed Signatures--A Word about Fac-simile Signatures--Process of Evolving a Signature--Evidence of Experience in Handling or Mishandling a Pen--Signature Most Difficult to Read--Simulation of Signature by Expert Penman--Hard to Imitate an Untrained Hand--A Well-Known Banker Presents Some Valuable Points--Perfectly Imitated Writings and Signatures--Bunglingly Executed Forgeries--The Application of Chemical Tests--Rules of Courts on Disputed Signatures--Forgers Giving Appearance of Age to Paper and Ink--Proving the Falsity of Testimony--Determining the Genuineness or Falsity by Anatomy or Skeleton--Making a Magnified Copy of a Signature--Effectiveness of the Photograph Process--Deception the Eye Will Not Detect--When Pen Strokes Cross Each Other--Experimenting With Crossed Lines--Signatures Written With Different Inks--Deciding Order of Sequence in Writing--An Important and Interesting Subject for Bankers--Determining the Genuineness of a Written Document--Ingenuity of Rogues Constantly Takes New Forms--A Systematic Analysis Will Detect Disputed Signatures

FORGERY BY TRACING

Forgeries Perpetrated by the Aid of Tracing a Common and Dangerous Method--Using Transparent Tracing Paper--How the Movements are Directed--Formal, Broken and Nervous Lines--Retouched Lines and Shades--Tracing Usually Presents a Close Resemblance to the Genuine--Traced Forgeries Not Exact Duplicates of Their Originals--The Danger of an Exact Duplication--Forgers Usually Unable to Exactly Reproduce Tracing--Using Pencil or Carbon-Guided Lines--Retouching Revealed under the Microscope--Tracing with Pen and Ink Over a Transparency--Making a Practice and Study of Signatures--Forgeries and Tracings Made by Skillful Imitators Most Difficult of Detection--Free-Hand Forgery and Tracing--A Few Important Matters to Observe in Detecting Forgery by Tracing--Photographs a Great Aid in Detecting Tracing--How to Compare Imitated and Traced Writing--Furrows Traced by Pen Nibs--Tracing Made by an Untrained Hand--Tracing with Pen and Ink Over a Transparency--Internal Evidence of Forgery by Tracing--Forgeries Made by Skillful Imitators--How to Determine Evidences of Forgery by Tracing--Remains of Tracings--Examining Paper in Transmitted Light--Freely Written Tracings--A Dangerous Method of Forgery

HOW FORGERS REPRODUCE SIGNATURES

Characteristics Appearing in Forged Signatures--Conclusions Reached by Careful Examinations--Signatures Written with Little Effort to Imitate--What a Clever Forger Can Do--Most Common Forgeries of Signatures--Reproducing a Signature over a Plate of Glass--A Window Frame Scheme for Reproducing Signatures--How the Paper is Held and the Ink Applied--How a Genuine Signature is Placed and Used--A Forger's Process of Tracing a Signature--How to Detect Earmarks of Fraud in a Reproduced Signature--Prominent Features of Signatures Reproduced--Method Resorted to by Novices in Forging Signatures--Conditions Appearing in All Traced Signatures--Reproduction of Signatures Adopted by Expert Forgers--Making a Lead-Pencil Copy of a Signature--Erasing Pencil Signatures Always Discoverable by the Aid of a Microscope--Appearances and Conditions in Traced Signatures--How to Tell a Traced Signature--All the Details Employed to Reproduce a Signature Given--Features in Which Forgers are Careless--Handling of the Pen Often Leads to Detection--A Noted Characteristic of Reproduced Signatures--Want of Proportion in Writing Names Should Be Studied--Rules to Be Followed in Examining Signatures--System Employed by Experts in Studying Proof of Reproduced Signatures--Bankers and Business Men Should Avoid Careless Signatures

ERASURES, ALTERATIONS AND ADDITIONS

What Erasure Means--The English Law--What a Fraudulent Alteration Means--Altered or Erased Parts Considered--Memoranda of Alterations Should Always Accompany Paper Changed--How Added Words Should be Treated--How to Erase Words and Lines Without Creating Suspicion--Writing Over an Erasure--How to Determine Whether or Not Erasures or Alterations Have Been Made--Additions and Interlineations--What to Apply to the Suspected Document--The Alcohol Test Absolute--How to Tell which of Crossing Ink Lines Were Made First--Ink and Pencil Alterations and Erasures--Treating Paper to Determine Erasures, Alterations and Additions--Appearance of Paper Treated as Directed--Paper That Does Not Reveal Tampering--How Removal of Characters From a Paper is Affected--Easy Means of Detecting Erasures--Washing with Chemical Reagents--Restoration of Original Marks--What Erasure on Paper Exhibits--Erasure in Parchments--Identifying Typewritten Matter--Immaterial Alterations--Altering Words in an Instrument--Alterations and Additions Are Immaterial When Interests of Parties Are Not Changed or Affected--Erasure of Words in an Instrument

HOW TO WRITE A CHECK TO PREVENT FORGING

How a Paying Teller Determines the Amount of a Check--Written Amount and Amount in Figures Conflict--Depositor Protected by Paying Teller--Chief Concern of Drawer of a Check--Transposing Figures--Writing a Check That Cannot Be Raised--Writers who Are Easy Marks for Forgers--Safeguards for Those who Write Checks--An Example of Raised Checks--Payable "To Bearer" Is Always a Menace--Paying Teller and An Endorsement System Must Be Observed in Writing Checks--How a Check Must Be Written to Be Absolutely Safe--A Signature that Cannot Be Tampered with Without Detection--Paying Tellers Always Vigilant

METHODS OF FORGERS, CHECK AND DRAFT RAISERS

Professional Forgers and Their Methods--Using Engravers and Lithographers--Their Knowledge of Chemicals--Patching Perforated Paper--Difficult Matter to Detect Alterations and Forgeries--Selecting Men for the Work--The Middle Man, Presenter, and Shadow--Methods for Detecting Forgery--Detailed Explanation of How Forgers Work--Altering and Raising Checks and Drafts--A Favorite Trick of Forgers--Opening a Bank Account for a Blind--Private Marks on Checks no Safeguard--How a Genuine Signature Is Secured--Bankers Can Protect Themselves--A Forger the Most Dangerous Criminal--Bankers Should Scrutinize Signatures--Sending Photograph with Letter of Advice--How to Secure Protection Against Forgers--Manner in Which Many Banks Have Been Swindled--Points About Raising Checks and Drafts That Should Be Carefully Noted

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