: Gunnery in 1858: Being a Treatise on Rifles Cannon and Sporting Arms Explaining the Principles of the Science of Gunnery and Describing the Newest Improvements in Fire-Arms by Greener William - Firearms; Gunnery

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Origin of its invention--Roger Bacon's recipe--Accidental discovery by a German monk--Gunpowder introduced by the Saracens--Its explosive and propellant properties--Composition of gunpowder--Nitre its essence--Properties of sulphur as an ingredient--Proportions and constituents of French gunpowder--Sulphur not always indispensable-- Chemical principles of its composition--Component parts of different gunpowders--Source of its explosive force--Explosion at Gateshead-- Variations in strength and quickness of fire--Granulation of sporting gunpowder and of artillery gunpowder--Importance of suitable granulation for different firearms--Large grain powder the more effectual expellant--Fine powder dangerous--Principle of granulation-- Gun-cotton--Imperfect instrument for testing gunpowder--Charcoal-- Operation of making gunpowder described--"Glazing" detrimental-- Utility of granulation--Fine grain powder--Dr. Ure on the projectile force of gunpowder--Dr. Hutton's calculations and experiments--Mode of controlling the destructive force of gunpowder--Experiments to test the velocity of explosive force of different granulations--The grain should be proportioned to the length and bore of the gun--Chlorate of potassa used by the French in making gunpowder--Similar powder proposed by Mr. Parr, and condemned by Sir William Congreve--Velocity in projectile force must be gradual--Curious experiment--Operation of blasting stone, &c., with gunpowder--English sporting gunpowder-- Military and naval gunpowder--Fame of English gunpowder makers 18

Improvement in gun barrels depends on the iron--Continental manufacturers advance while English stand still--Cheap and inferior guns of "Park-paling"--Scarcity of horse-nail stubs--Importance of iron manufacture--Great value of steel in ancient times--Iron originally made with wood charcoal--Coal coke unfit for making best iron--British iron ore inferior--Mr. Mushet on steel-iron--English workmen employed abroad--English gun-makers' names forged in Belgium-- Indian Iron and Steel Company--Indian process of making steel--Hammer- hardening recommended--Difference of "Silver steel" and "Twist steel" --Method of making laminated steel--It is spoilt by over-twisting-- Watering of Damascus barrels--Proportions of carbon in steel and iron --Damascus barrels often plated--Modern method of making Damascus iron --Objection to wire-twist iron--Figured barrels--Damascus barrels made in Belgium--Damascus iron inferior in strength--Use of old horse-shoe nails for gun-barrels--Stub iron alone insufficient-- Prejudices of provincial gun-makers--Mixture of steel and stub iron-- Importance of welding on an air furnace--Proportions of steel and stub iron--Efficacy of hammer-hardening and reworking iron--Improvements in superior iron owing to gun-makers--Explosions of steam-boilers owing to neglect or bad construction--Boiler iron improveable--Steel- Damascus barrel iron--Manufacture of "charcoal iron"--Imitation of "smoke brown"--Gains from using inferior iron--Frauds in barrel making --Advice of Edward Davies in 1619--"Threepenny skelp iron"-- "Wednesbury skelp"--Test of a safe gun--"Sham damn skelp"--Base guns made to sell--Their injurious effect on the gun-making trade--"Swaff- iron forging." 146

Barrel welding--Birmingham welders--Different twists of metal --Process of welding--Hammer-hardening--Belgium welders--Mode of plating barrels--Belgium method --Profits of fraud--Qualifications of a good gun-barrel maker--Processes of boring and grinding--Proper inclination of double barrels--Elevation of barrels should be proportionate to charge and distance--Brazing of barrels detrimental--Mr. Wilkinson's opinion--Solid ribs requisite-- Advantage of the patent breech--Best shape of breech --Gun locks--Their scientific construction--The Barside lock--Messrs. Braziers' locks--The stock, fittings, &c.--Recipe for staining steel barrels--Birmingham method of browning--Belgian method--Varieties of iron for best barrels--Laminated steel barrels never known to burst-- Base imitations of laminated steel--Cost of laminated steel barrels-- Author's method of laminating--Stub Damascus passed off for steel-- Birmingham guns--Practice of forging names of eminent makers--Author's offer--Improved metal for axles--Author's imitation Damascus --Joseph Manton's merits--Prize medals awarded to author-- Advantages of Birmingham for gun making--"London-made guns"--Foreign imitations of English guns--Periodical exhibition of guns recommended --Steel-twist and stub Damascus --Barrels of charcoal iron--Inferior guns--Cost of skelp-iron guns--Cost of "sham damn iron" guns--Sham guns --Cost of "park-paling" guns 185

Proof-house of Gun-maker's Company--Proof Acts of 1813 and 1815-- Provisions of Gun Barrel Proof Act of 1855--Penal clauses--Schedule B --Proof marks--Scale of charges for Proof--Mode of proving --Number of barrels proved in 1857 243

New principle--Improved rifles--Useless inventions--Scientific principles of gunnery: 1. The explosive power and its velocity. 2. The retarding agents. 3. Construction of the tube. 4. Form of projectile-- Robins's theory--Hutton's experiments--Suitable velocity the germ of the science--Author's experiments and their results--Penetrating power of bullets--Resistance of the atmosphere--Friction detrimental-- Construction of the tube--The Cylindro-conoidal form best suited for projectiles--Jacob's and Whitworth's bullets--Lengthened projectiles tend to burst the barrel--Amount of heat needful to explode gunpowder --Advantage of unglazed powder--Percussion powder--Best form of nipple --Propellant velocity the grand desideratum--Why short guns shoot better than long ones--True science of gunnery--Cause of guns bursting--Mr. Blaine's difference of opinion with the author on explosive force--Shooting powers of different gun barrels--Tables of strength and pressure--Colonel Hawker's axiom--Mr. Daniel's remarks on shot--Duck and swivel guns--The wire cartridge--Bell-muzzle guns--Mr. Blaine on long barrels--The just medium--Belgium guns will not stand English proof--Cause of their inferiority--French gun-makers behind the age--Author's notes on the "Specimens by French Gun-makers at the Paris Exhibition"--On recoil in shooting--Causes and experiments--Mode of determining the size of shot suited to the bore of gun--Mr. Prince's double gun 257

Breech-loading fire-arms unsafe and inferior--Objections specified-- Trial of breech-loading against muzzle-loading guns--Danger from using breech-loaders--Excessive recoil 329

Immense demand for them--Their value--Best manufacturers--Colonel Colt's repeating pistol described--Its double action discussed-- Machine-made pistols not equal to hand-made--Dean and Adams's revolver described--Its improvements on Colt's--Tranter's double trigger revolver--His lubricating bullet and other improvements--Webley's revolver--Comparison of self-acting and cocking-lock pistols-- Tendency of revolvers to foul--Lieut. Symons's opinion--Other defects to be overcome--Author's preference for double-barrelled fire-arms in warfare 413

The name explained, and weapon described--Its origin--Author's share in its construction--American machinery for gun-making--Extent and products of the Enfield manufactory 429

RIFLES, CANNON, AND SPORTING ARMS.

ANCIENT ARMS.

From the earliest ages of the world, the jealousies and bickerings of mankind have been fruitful causes of war. Sometimes, perhaps, justified by political reasons; at others, it may be, arising solely from a desire, on the part of ambitious chiefs, to extend their territories by multiplying their conquests; while, in too many cases, the struggle for religious ascendancy has led to the most sanguinary and cruel battles.

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