: The Ancient Life History of the Earth A Comprehensive Outline of the Principles and Leading Facts of Palæontological Science by Nicholson Henry Alleyne - Paleontology

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PRINCIPLES OF PALAEONTOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION.

The general objects or geological science--The older theories of catastrophistic and intermittent action--The more modern doctrines of continuous and uniform action--Bearing of these doctrines respectively on the origin or the existing terrestrial order--Elements or truth in Catastrophism--General truth of the doctrine of Continuity--Geological time.

Definition of Palaeontology--Nature of Fossils--Different processes of fossilisation.

Aqueous and igneous rocks--General characters of the sedimentary rocks--Mode or formation of the sedimentary rocks--Definition of the term "formation"--Chief divisions of the aqueous rocks--Mechanically-formed rocks, their characters and mode of origin--Chemically and organically formed rocks--Calcareous rocks--Chalk, its microscopic structure and mode of formation--Limestone, varieties, structure, and origin--Phosphate of lime--Concretions--Sulphate of lime--Silica and siliceous deposits of various kinds--Greensands--Red clays--Carbon and carbonaceous deposits.

Chronological succession of the fossiliferous rocks--Tests or age of strata--Value of Palaeontological evidence in stratigraphical Geology--General sequence of the great formations.

The breaks in the palaeontological and geological record--Use of the term "contemporaneous" as applied to groups of strata--General sequence of strata and of life-forms interfered with by more or less extensive gaps--Unconformability--Phenomena implied by this--Causes of the imperfection of the palaeontological record.

Conclusions to be drawn from fossils--Age of rocks--Mode of origin of any fossiliferous bed--Fluviatile, lacustrine, and marine deposits--Conclusions as to climate--Proofs of elevation and subsidence of portions of the earth's crust derived from fossils.

The biological relations of fossils--Extinction of life-forms--Geological range of different species--Persistent types of life--Modern origin of existing animals and plants--Reference of fossil forms to the existing primary divisions of the animal kingdom--Departure of the older types of life from those now in existence--Resemblance of the fossils of a given formation to those of the formation next above and next below--Introduction of new life-forms.

HISTORICAL PALAEONTOLOGY.

The Cambrian period--General succession of Cambrian deposits in Wales--Lower Cambrian and Upper Cambrian--Cambrian deposits of the continent of Europe and North American--Life of the Cambrian period--Fucoids--Eophyton--Oldhamia--Sponges--Echinoderms--Annelides --Crustaceans--Structure of Trilobites--Brachiopods--Pteropods, Gasteropods, and Bivalves--Cephalopods--Literature.

The Lower Silurian period--The Silurian rocks generally--Limits of Lower and Upper Silurian--General succession, subdivisions, and characters of the Lower Silurian rocks of Wales--General succession, subdivisions, and characters of the Lower Silurian rocks of the North American continent--Life of the period--Fucoids--Protozoa--Graptolites--Structure of Graptolites--Corals--General structure of Corals--Crinoids-- Cystideans--General characters of Cystideans--Annelides-- Crustaceans--Polyzoa--Brachiopods--Bivalve and Univalve Molluscs--Chambered Cephalopods--General characters of the Cephalopoda--Conodonts.

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