: Chimneys & Fireplaces They Contribute to the Health Comfort and Happiness of the Farm Family - How to Build Them by Daniels Ara Marcus - Fireplaces; Chimneys

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Function of chimneys 3 The chimney draft 4 Shapes and sizes of flues 5 Height of chimney 7 Flue linings 7 Location and wall thickness 8 Openings into the chimney 10 Supporting the chimney 10 Capping the chimney 12 Chimney and roof connections 12 Chimney connections 12 Chimney insulation 14 Smoke test for leakage 14 Cleaning and repairing the flue 15

Essentials of fireplace construction 15 Area of the flue 16 The throat 17 Smoke shelf and chamber 18 Shape of fireplace 19 Throat damper 19 Placing the throat damper 20 Size of fireplace opening 20 Depth of fireplace opening 20 The hearth 21 The jambs 21 Fireplace back and sides 21 Supporting irons 21 Improving fireplace heating 22

FUNCTION OF CHIMNEYS.

HE prime function of a chimney is to produce a draft that will cause sufficient combustion and carry off the resulting smoke; incidentally it assists ventilation. Many unsatisfactory heating plants and much excessive fuel consumption are due to improperly constructed chimneys, which are the rule rather than the exception. Although many of these are more inefficient than dangerous, yet reports of the National Board of Fire Underwriters show that a larger number of fires are caused by defective chimney construction than by anything else. The annual loss resulting from such fires is greater than the fire loss from any other cause. Poor chimney construction is responsible for smoke pollution of the air, waste of fuel, and poor heating.

"Dwelling Houses," a publication issued by the National Board of Fire Underwriters in the interest of fire protection, has been used as a basis for the matter relating to the requirements and construction of chimneys and methods of fire protection.

The most common faults in chimney construction are:

THE CHIMNEY DRAFT.

The draft depends entirely upon the chimney flue. The better the flue the more satisfactory and efficient will be the operation of the entire heating apparatus. The strength or intensity of the draft is dependent mainly upon the tightness, size, and height of the chimney flue. The most common error in chimney construction is failure to distinguish between the size of flue necessary for free passage of the volume of smoke from a given amount of fuel and that which with proper height will produce the required draft. A chimney may be high enough, yet have an area too small to carry properly the volume of smoke. On the other hand, the size may be sufficient but the chimney too low to produce a draft strong enough to pull the air through the fire at a sufficiently rapid rate. Either fault or a combination of the two will result in unsatisfactory service.

Draft in a chimney flue is caused by the difference in weight between a volume of air on the outside and an equal volume of products of combustion from the fire on the inside. The higher the temperature of a given weight of air, the greater is its total volume and the lighter the weight of its unit volume. This produces a condition of unbalanced pressures at the base of the flue. The rising of the lighter gases within the chimney tends to equalize the pressures. So long as the fire burns this condition of unbalanced pressure persists, the result being draft.

This is the basic principle which governs chimney action and upon which the draft depends. The greater the difference between the temperature in the flue and that outside the greater the tendency toward equalization of pressure and hence the better the draft. In summer the draft of a chimney is not as good as in winter because the difference in temperature between the outside air and that of the gases in the flue is less.

SHAPES AND SIZES OF FLUES.

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